Chapter 26-1

18th Century Art in Europe and North America

Theme Card

• “Enlightenment and Revolution” • “Head vs. Heart.” • From the Encyclopedia of Diderot to the

sentimentality of Greuze • this theme gives us a place to begin thinking

about this complex art historical time.

Rococo in Europe

• Began in France • Salons- gathering rooms • Patel colors • Delicate curving forms • Dainty figures • Light heart mood • Classical love stories • Cupids, putti, and

clouds

• Common elements in Rococo architecture – Arabesques – S shapes – C shapes – Reverse C shapes – Volutes- sprial scroll like

on an ionic column – Naturalistic plant forms

Germany and Austria

Artist: Germain Boffrand Title: Salon de la Princesse, Hôtel de Soubise Date: Begun 1732 Source/ Museum: Paris, France / Library, Getty Research, Institute, Los Angeles. Wim Swaan Photograph Collection (96, p.21) Salon example Room for wealthy women to decorate and entertain

Artist: Johann Balthasar Neumann Title: Kaisersaal (Imperial Hall), Residenz, Würzburg Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 1719–44 Source/ Museum: Bavaria, Germany. Fresco by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 1751–52

White and gold color scheme Delicate curves Recalls the halls of mirrors Early development for the atheistic of interior design Wood paneling and stucco create the ornamentation

Artist: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo Title: The Marriage of the Emperor Frederick and Beatrice of Burgun Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 1751–52 Source/ Museum: Fresco in the Kaisersaal (Imperial Hall), Residenz, Würzburg, Germany Painting from the imperial hall Curtains draw back Lavish imperial wedding Sun drench colors and dazzling textures Artist suggest a nobility of purpose

Artist: Johann Balthasar Neumann Title: Church of the Vierzehnheiligen Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 1743–72 Source/ Museum: Near Staffelstein, Germany Same artist as hall Baroque façade

Artist: Johann Balthasar Neumann Title: Interior, Church of The Vierzehnheiligen Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 1743–72 Source/ Museum: n/a Like Borromini's church San Carlo alle Quartrro Fontane Undulating surfaces Oval design Clustered pilasters Arches and clearstory Very ornamented Spiritually uplifting design

France

Artist: Jean-Antoine Watteau Title: Pilgrimage to The Island of Cythera Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 4'3" X 6'4½" (1.3 X 1.9 m) Date: 1717 Source/ Museum: Musée du Louvre, Paris

A new type of painting style called Fete galante- elegant outdoor entertainment Lavishly dressed couple either arrive or depart from the island of mythical love accompanied by putti Silks and velvets common for their dress

Artist: Jean-Antoine Watteau Title: The Signboard of Gersaint Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 5'4" X 10'1" (1.62 X 3.06 m) Date: c. 1721 Source/ Museum: Stiftung Preussische Schlössen und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg, Schloss Charlottenburg

Watteau died in his 30s of tuberculosis Introduces english idea of selling paintings from catalogs Painting was cut in half and sold separately Sophistication through clothing and posture Memento mori- a reminder of mortality Vanitas-elements in paintings that allude to transience of life Fleeting nature of human happiness

Artist: François Boucher Title: Triumph of Venus Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 4'3⅛" X 5'3¾" (1.3 X 1.62 m) Date: 1740 Source/ Museum: Nationalmuseum, Stockholm

•influenced by the delicate style of his contemporary Antoine Watteau •he created hundreds of paintings, decorative boudoir panels, tapestry designs, theater designs, and book illustrations. •delicate, lighthearted depictions of classical divinities •who considered him the most fashionable painter of his day Paris Salon •MADAME DE POMPADOUR

Artist: Jean-Honoré Fragonard Title: The Meeting Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 10'5¼" X 7'⅝" (3.18 X 2.15 m) Date: 1771–73 Source/ Museum: The Frick Collection, New York Brought to boucher’s studio when he was young- became assistant/apprentice Prix de Rome- 3-5 years scholarship 1 of14 for Madame du Barry Women waits for man while clutching his letter, looks to make sure she was not followed Paintings rejected because the rococo was ending

Artist: Clodion Title: The Invention of the Balloon Medium: Terra-cotta model for a monument Size: height 43 ½" (110.5 cm) Date: 1784 Source/ Museum: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Rogers Fund and Frederick R. Harris Gift, 1944 (44.21a b) Clung to the Rococo style through the late 18th century Painted terra cotta model for a monument Swags and golden braids Putti help stoke the fire of the balloon Billowing clouds and the end of this romantic style

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Fragonard_-_swing.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Boucher_Vulcan_Presenting_Venus_with_Arms_for_Aeneas.jpg

Italy

Grand Tour-Americans and Europeans gentlemen tour cultural

sites (late 1600’s, early 1700s)

Artist: Rosalba Carriera Title: Charles Sackville, 2nd Duke of Dorset Medium: Pastel on paper Size: 25 X 19" (63.5 X 48.3 cm) Date: c. 1730 Source/ Museum: Private collection Gentlemen would sit for portrait on the grand tour One of the few women allowed to enter the French royal academy for a pastel of Louis Xv Most of her career was in Italy painting subtle but elegant portraits Subtle background and realist portraits for the sweetness of her disposition but she was also prone to sadness and depression, she never married. Died blind from miniature painting in her youth

Artist: Johann Zoffany Title: Academicians of the Royal Academy Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 47½ X 59½" (120.6 X 151.2 cm) Date: 1771–72 Source/ Museum: The Royal Collection, Windsor Castle, Windsor, England

Women did not fair well in gaining entrance into the royal academy 2 women founded the London academy but no more were let in until 1922 In France they were let in as honoree members

Artist: Canaletto Title: Santi Giovanni e Paolo and the Monument to Bartolommeo Colleoni Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 18 ⅜ X 30⅞" (46 X 78.4 cm) Date: c. 1735–38 Source/ Museum: The Royal Collection, Windsor Castle, Windsor, England

Vedute- city view capriccio-mixed view compositions View from a gondola, tightened compositions as suggested by the tendency of distant figures to be painted as blobs of colour - an effect produced by using a camera obscura,

German painter, active in Rome, Madrid and Saxony, who became one of the precursors to Neoclassical painting. Friend of Johann Winklemann who was the leading theologist of Neoclassism- A French art style and movement that originated as a reaction to the Baroque in the mid-eighteenth century, and continued into the middle of the nineteenth century. It sought to revive the ideals of ancient Greek and Roman art. Neoclassic artists used classical forms to express their ideas about courage, sacrifice, and love of country. Ceiling fresco, apollo and nine muses and Mnemosyne “noble and simplicity and grandeur”

Artist: Anton Raphael Mengs Title: Parnassus Medium: Ceiling fresco Size: n/a Date: 1761 Source/ Museum: Villa Albani, Rome

Artist: Antonio Canova Title: Cupid and Psyche Medium: Marble Size: 6'1" X 6'8" (1.55 X 1.73 m) Date: 1787–93 Source/ Museum: Musée du Louvre, Paris

Leading neoclassical sculptor Most sought after sculptor of the time Specialized in – monumental leader portraits and erotic mythology Cupid in love with Psyche, Venus jealous and puts her in death like sleep, Zeus gives her immortality revived with a kiss neoclassic appeal to light and touch