Chapter 25 Section 1

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

Changed way lived & worked.

From farming - manufacturing based econ.

Cottage industry - OldFactories - New

Key factors made Britain the ideal place for the IR to start.

Agriculture Revolution

► Agricultural practices in 18th c More farmland good weather new crops - potato

► Improved farming methods Crop rotation Jethro Tull: The seed drill

Agricultural Revolution ►RESULT:

Better food production More crops at a lower price Population grew

Now

Previously

“Enclosed” Lands“Enclosed” LandsEnclosure: process of taking over and fencing off land

Enclosure Movement

► Better food production Population grew Leads to enclosure

► Enclosure movement: ►Peasants forced off land ►Fewer workers needed

► RESULT: people moved to towns for work supply of labor

Economic Conditions

►Supply of Markets Colonial empires Easy transportation to markets Increased population = increased

demand Wealthy people w/$ to spend

►RESULT: Many markets to sell goods Change from “cottage industry” to

factories

Resources► Factors of Production

Resources needed to produce goods

► Land (natural resources) Coal & iron ore

►Manufacturing► Steam engines - coal

► Labor Workers (plenty Ag Rev.)

►Mine coal & run machines

►Capital $$$$ Factories and Machines

► RESULT: Britain had supply & made money $$$ to invest in machines & factories

Changes to the Textile Industry

► Factories Developed b/c new machinery too big for

home

Located near water sources for power What problems can come from this?

Inventions in the Textile Industry

►Flying Shuttle: increased weaving production

►Spinning Jenny: spun multiple threads at same

time

Inventions in Textile Industry

►Power loom: mechanized loom ►power made operation completely automatic

►Water frame: waterpower to increase spinning

Transportation Revolution

► John McAdam - Roads Large rocks - drainage Layer smooth crushed rock on

top Heavy wagons travel in rain

►Other new transportation Canals to connect rivers Stronger bridges

Transportation: New Technology

►James Watt steam engine

►key power source An energy revolution

Coal to power steam engine

Transportation: New Technology

►Steam Locomotive & Railroads

►Steamboats travel waterways

Changing History

►The IR was a long, slow process simple tools complex machines.

New energy sources human and animal power.

►People lived in small villages. Cottage Industry

►Now people live in the cities Work in factories Eliminated the “Cottage Industry”

Chapter 25 Section 2

Changes caused byThe Industrial Revolution

Changes in Europe

Main Idea: Industrialization caused many changes in

Europe

What were your predictions for change?

►Growth of Population and Cities►Industrial Classes form►Living conditions►Working conditions

Growth of Population and Cities

►Population grew London’s population grown to 1 mil. Increased food supply better fed & healthier

► Cities begin to be homes to factories people began to move to find jobs

►Urbanization city building & the movement of people to cities

New Industrial Classes

Middle Class:

►merchants, Factory owners, wealthy farmers

►Claimed most of the wealth from the revolution

►Lived comfortably in the suburbs

Working Class:

►Laborers in factories

►Poor, lived in slums of the city

►lived in tenements (multi-story building

w/small apartments)

Original classes: Nobles and peasants

Living Areas

Living Conditions

► rapid growth & limited space living conditions - terrible for

many

►No plans or building codes►No protection – police ►Poor people lived in small

houses in cramped streets.

Living Conditions►Tenements

No running water No sewage or sanitation

system Waste & garbage rotted in

streets Disease widespread

Improvements to the Cities

►Paved Streets►Street lights►Police & fire forces►Underground sewage systems►Steel to construct buildings

(skyscrapers)

Working Conditions

►machines running as much as possible 12-15 hrs 6 days/wk

►Workers not allowed to speak to each other Pay was very low 17.5 - 25 cents/hr

Wmn & children - paid much less

Turn of the century working conditions

Many accidents (no safety devices) Sick/injured = lose of job

►Save money in factories Dangerous conditions

►Not well lit►Dirty►No safety devices

No aid for injury – lost job►diseases

Factories: Child Labor

►Why Child Labor Smaller hands/quicker moving Did the jobs adults were too big for Families needed the wages children

brought home

Factories: Child Labor►Discipline

worse

Beaten or whipped to keep working

Could pay kids less to do work that was easy to accomplish

no consideration for their safety.

Child Labor: Punishment

►One common punishment for being late or not working up to quota would be to be "weighted."

An overseer would tie a heavy weight to worker's neck and have them walk up and down the factory aisles so the other children could see them and "take example." This could last up to an hour.

Women

►Women Employed as spinners, did cleaning, miners, etc Easier to manage Less pay After work, tend to the family & all the problems of

urban life worked through pregnancy and even with young

children

Positive Effects: Eventually

►Created jobs►Nation wealthier►Progress in technology►Increased production►Raised the standard of living►Expanded education►laws for better wages & conditions

Working Class Victories

►Reforms to help laborers Limits # of hours couldn’t employ children under 10 Regulated safety in factories Minimum wage laws Improved public health and housing for

workers Education Act: public education for all

children 1830/40s pass laws regulating child labor