chapter 25 nuclear chemistry iii. fission & fusion (p. 717 - 719) iii. fission & fusion (p....
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CHAPTER 25
Nuclear
Chemistry
CHAPTER 25
Nuclear
ChemistryIII. Fission & III. Fission &
FusionFusion(p. 717 - 719)
III. Fission & III. Fission & FusionFusion
(p. 717 - 719)
I
IV
III
II
A. FA. F issionissionA. FA. F issionission Nuclear Reactions produce exponentially more
energy than chemical reactions. (nuclear bomb vs. dynamite chemical bombs)
Fission is splitting a nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei 1 g of 235U =
3 tons of coal
U23592
A. FA. F issionissionA. FA. F issionissionchain reaction - self-propagating reactioncritical mass -
mass required to sustain a chain reaction
Super-critical is
when chain rxn
goes too fast…
MELTDOWN
B. FusionB. FusionB. FusionB. Fusioncombining of two nuclei to form one nucleus of larger mass thermonuclear reaction – requires temp of 40,000,000 K to sustain1 g of fusion fuel =
20 tons of coaloccurs naturally in
stars
HH 31
21
C. Fission vs. FusionC. Fission vs. FusionC. Fission vs. FusionC. Fission vs. Fusion
235U is limited danger of meltdown toxic waste thermal pollution
Heavy hydrogen fuel is abundant
no danger of meltdown no toxic waste not yet sustainable
FISSION
FUSION
CHAPTER 25
Nuclear
Chemistry
CHAPTER 25
Nuclear
ChemistryIV. ApplicationsIV. ApplicationsIV. ApplicationsIV. Applications
I
IV
III
II
A. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear Power
Fission Reactors Cooling Tower
A. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear Power
Fission Reactors
A. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear Power
Fusion Reactors (not yet sustainable)
A. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear PowerA. Nuclear Power
Fusion Reactors (not yet sustainable)
Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor
Princeton University
National Spherical Torus Experiment
B. Synthetic ElementsB. Synthetic ElementsB. Synthetic ElementsB. Synthetic Elements
Transuranium Elements elements with atomic #s above 92 synthetically produced in nuclear reactors and accelerators most decay very rapidly
Pu He U 24294
42
23892
C. Radioactive DatingC. Radioactive DatingC. Radioactive DatingC. Radioactive Dating
half-life measurements of radioactive elements are used to determine the age of an object
decay rate and amount of radioactive material remaining indicate the age
EX: 14C – can date ages of up to 40,000 years238U and 40K - over 300,000 years
old
PET ScanPET ScanPET ScanPET ScanPositron Emission Topography Inject or swallow a sugar with a
radioactive tag that emits positron, which are measured by a scanner
D. Nuclear MedicineD. Nuclear MedicineD. Nuclear MedicineD. Nuclear Medicine
Radioisotope Tracers (bonded to sugars, proteins, or medicines) absorbed by specific organs and used to diagnose
diseases
Radiation Treatment larger doses are used
to kill cancerous cells in targeted organs
internal or external radiation source
Radiation treatment using-rays from cobalt-60.
E. Nuclear WeaponsE. Nuclear WeaponsE. Nuclear WeaponsE. Nuclear Weapons
Atomic Bomb chemical explosion is used to form a critical
mass of 235U or 239Pu fission develops into an uncontrolled chain
reaction
Hydrogen Bomb chemical explosion fission fusion fusion increases the fission rate more powerful than the atomic bomb
F. OthersF. OthersF. OthersF. Others
Food Irradiation radiation is used to kill bacteria
Radioactive Tracers explore chemical pathways trace water flow study plant growth, photosynthesis
Consumer Products ionizing smoke detectors - 241Am