Chapter 24Chapter 24Section 3: Outer PlanetsSection 3: Outer Planets

23.4 The Outer Planets23.4 The Outer PlanetsA.A. Outer Planets: DescriptionOuter Planets: Description

1.1. Outer Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, NeptuneOuter Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptunea.a. Pluto is no longer considered a planet. Pluto is no longer considered a planet.

2.2. 4 planets are gaseous giants4 planets are gaseous giants ( (Jovian PlanetsJovian Planets))3.3. Pluto and Xenon are frozen spheresPluto and Xenon are frozen spheres

a.a. Voyager 1 & 2 probed the 4 gaseous giantsVoyager 1 & 2 probed the 4 gaseous giants1.1. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, NeptuneJupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Pgs. 654 - 659

Jupiter:Jupiter:B.B. JupiterJupiter

1.1. Largest Planet in our Solar SystemLargest Planet in our Solar System2.2. Fifth planet in orderFifth planet in order3.3. Revolution = 11.9 years to orbitRevolution = 11.9 years to orbit4.4. Rotation = 10 hrs. (fastest of all planets)Rotation = 10 hrs. (fastest of all planets)5.5. Voyager 1 & 2 (1979) probed JupiterVoyager 1 & 2 (1979) probed Jupiter

a.a. Gathered information about Jupiter’s Moons’ Gathered information about Jupiter’s Moons’ AtmospheresAtmospheres

b.b. Discovered 3 more moonsDiscovered 3 more moonsc.c. Discovered a faint dust ring orbiting JupiterDiscovered a faint dust ring orbiting Jupiter

6.6. Jupiter’s Composition: Jupiter’s Composition: a.a. Hydrogen, Helium, Ammonia, Methane, & water vaporHydrogen, Helium, Ammonia, Methane, & water vaporb.b. Gaseous Atmosphere, Liquid Mantle, & Solid CoreGaseous Atmosphere, Liquid Mantle, & Solid Corec.c. Clouds form color bands; Winds up to 400 km/hr.Clouds form color bands; Winds up to 400 km/hr.d.d. Great Red SpotGreat Red Spot: : ContinuousContinuous Atmospheric Storm Atmospheric Storme.e. Lightning has been observed in the atmosphere Lightning has been observed in the atmosphere f.f. Radiates 2x as much heat as it receivesRadiates 2x as much heat as it receivesg. Believed to be a star “that just didn’t make it”

Images of JupiterImages of Jupiter

Jupiter’s MoonsJupiter’s MoonsC. Jupiter’s Moons

1. Jupiter has at least 16 moonsa. Four Largest = Galilean Moons (Discovered in 1610)b. Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto

2. Io: Closest of the Large moons to Jupitera. Most volcanic objects in out Solar Systemb. Sulfuric Lava produces Reddish/Orange colorc. Holds a thin sulfur dioxide atmosphere

3. Europa: Composed of solid rock covered with icea. Tectonic activityb. Thin oxygen atmosphere

5. Ganymede: a. Largest moon in the Solar Systemb. Larger than Mercury, Surface covered in Icec. Slushy Mantle, Solid rock core

6. Callisto: a. Composed of heavily cratered Rock/Ice Crustb. Water/Ice mantle with a rocky core

Galilean MoonsGalilean MoonsIo with eruption Europa

Ganymede Callisto

D.D.SaturnSaturn1.1. Sixth planet; 30 year orbit; 11 hr rotationSixth planet; 30 year orbit; 11 hr rotation2.2. 1980 & 1981 surveyed by the Voyagers1980 & 1981 surveyed by the Voyagers

a.a. ““Ringed Planet”Ringed Planet”b.b. Second Largest planetSecond Largest planetc.c. Very low density (would float in water)Very low density (would float in water)

3.3. Atmospheric composition:Atmospheric composition:a.a. Mostly hydrogen & helium; also ammonia, methaneMostly hydrogen & helium; also ammonia, methaneb.b. Liquid Hydrogen/helium mantleLiquid Hydrogen/helium mantlec.c. Small rocky coreSmall rocky core

Saturn:Saturn:

4.4. Rings composed of 100’s of ringletsRings composed of 100’s of ringletsa.a. Ringlets are made up of ice & rock particlesRinglets are made up of ice & rock particles

5.5. At least 18 moon orbit Saturn (Most of any planet)At least 18 moon orbit Saturn (Most of any planet)a.a. Largest moon = Titan (2Largest moon = Titan (2ndnd largest in Solar System) largest in Solar System)

1.1. Real atmosphere of nitrogen, argon, & methaneReal atmosphere of nitrogen, argon, & methane2.2. Thick, smog clouds cover TitanThick, smog clouds cover Titan3.3. Surface temp. = -180 Surface temp. = -180 00C (-292 C (-292 ooF)F)

E.E. UranusUranus1.1. Smallest of the gas planets Smallest of the gas planets 2.2. Discovered in 1781Discovered in 17813.3. 77thth planet, 84 year orbit, 17 hour rotation ** planet, 84 year orbit, 17 hour rotation **4.4. Average Temp. = -328Average Temp. = -328ooFF

Uranus:Uranus:5.5. Voyager 2 surveyed (1986)Voyager 2 surveyed (1986)

a.a. Discovered 10 unknown moons (making 15 total)Discovered 10 unknown moons (making 15 total)1.1. 5 largest almost identical5 largest almost identical2.2. Dark color, lack atmosphere, crater riddledDark color, lack atmosphere, crater riddled

b.b. Discovered several dark ringsDiscovered several dark ringsc.c. Detected a magnetic field tilted 60Detected a magnetic field tilted 6000 from axis from axisd.d. Atmosphere: Hydrogen, Helium & MethaneAtmosphere: Hydrogen, Helium & Methane

1.1. Methane gives planet a blue/green tintMethane gives planet a blue/green tint2.2. Liquid mantle of water, methane, & ammoniaLiquid mantle of water, methane, & ammonia3.3. Rocky coreRocky core

e.e. ** Rotational axis lays on its side (Spins like a tire)** Rotational axis lays on its side (Spins like a tire)

F.F. NeptuneNeptune1.1. Last of the gas planets; discovered in 1846Last of the gas planets; discovered in 18462.2. Orbit overlaps Pluto’s at 2 pointsOrbit overlaps Pluto’s at 2 points

a.a. Change position 8 Change position 8 9 & 9 9 & 9 8 8b.b. 1 orbit = 165 years; 1 rotation = 16 hrs1 orbit = 165 years; 1 rotation = 16 hrs

3.3. Atmosphere: Hydrogen, Helium, MethaneAtmosphere: Hydrogen, Helium, Methanea.a. Methane gives Neptune bluish tint Methane gives Neptune bluish tint b.b. Winds = 2200 km/hr; Temperature = -417 Winds = 2200 km/hr; Temperature = -417 00FFc.c. Has a dark spot = storm in it’s atmosphereHas a dark spot = storm in it’s atmosphered.d. Liquid mantle: water, methane, & ammoniaLiquid mantle: water, methane, & ammoniae.e. Core: solid rockCore: solid rock

F. F. Neptune Neptune (continued)(continued)

4.4. Voyager 2 detected 6 moons (Totaling 8)Voyager 2 detected 6 moons (Totaling 8)a.a. Largest moon = Largest moon = TritonTriton

1.1. Has a thin nitrogen atmosphereHas a thin nitrogen atmosphere2.2. Constantly erupting methane geysersConstantly erupting methane geysers

b.b. Neptune also has rings (thin & thicken at different places)Neptune also has rings (thin & thicken at different places)

Pluto:Pluto:G. G. PlutoPluto

1.1. Discovered in 1930; smallest planetoidDiscovered in 1930; smallest planetoid2.2. Between 1979 & 1999 Pluto orbited inside NeptuneBetween 1979 & 1999 Pluto orbited inside Neptune

a.a. Rest of the time the ninth planetRest of the time the ninth planetb.b. Orbit = 248 yearsOrbit = 248 yearsc.c. Has a different orbital plane (tilted 17Has a different orbital plane (tilted 1700 from other planets) from other planets)

Pluto:Pluto:G.G. Pluto (continued)Pluto (continued)

3.3. Surrounded by a minimal atmosphereSurrounded by a minimal atmospherea.a. Temperature = -364 Temperature = -364 ooFF

4.4. Solid rocky crustSolid rocky crust5.5. One Moon, Charon (½ diameter of Pluto)One Moon, Charon (½ diameter of Pluto)

a.a. Orbits very close to PlutoOrbits very close to Plutob.b. Sometimes considered “a double planet” with PlutoSometimes considered “a double planet” with Pluto

H. XenonH. Xenon1.1. Discovered January 8Discovered January 8thth, 2005, 2005

a.a. 20 % larger than Pluto20 % larger than Plutob.b. Orbital time unknown; Orbital time unknown;

Rotational time unknownRotational time unknownc.c. Has one known moonHas one known moond.d. Dark & cold (below -225 Dark & cold (below -225 00C C

or -373 or -373 ooF)F)e.e. Has not been “officially” Has not been “officially”

named yetnamed yet

Kuiper BeltKuiper Belt

I.I. Kuiper BeltKuiper Belt1.1. Discovered by the Hubble Discovered by the Hubble

TelescopeTelescope2.2. Vast disk of icy cometsVast disk of icy comets3.3. Located near Neptune’s Located near Neptune’s

orbitorbit

J.J. Voyagers’ Continuing MissionVoyagers’ Continuing Mission1.1. After passing Saturn in 1980 Voyager 1 headed out of our After passing Saturn in 1980 Voyager 1 headed out of our

Solar SystemSolar System2.2. After passing Pluto in 2000 Voyager 2 headed out of our Solar After passing Pluto in 2000 Voyager 2 headed out of our Solar

SystemSystem3.3. Both are still transmitting information back to Earth about Both are still transmitting information back to Earth about

deep space, and our sun’s long range influence of charged deep space, and our sun’s long range influence of charged particlesparticles