Chapter 24 Section 3

Nationalism

Big Idea

• NATIONALISM WAS THE MOST POWERFUL IDEA OF THE 1800’S. IT SHAPED NEW COUNTRIES AND SPLIT UP OLD ONES. IT FED THE DESIRE OF MOST GROUPS FREE OF THE RULE OF EMPIRES AND GOVERN THEMSELVES IN THEIR TRADITIONAL LANDS

NATIONALISM SHAKES AGING EMPIRES

Austrian Empire• IN 1866, EMPEROR FRANCIS JOSEPH SPLIT

AUSTRIA INTO TWO HALFS AND HE RULED BOTH

• NATIONALIST DISPUTES WEAKENED IF FOR 40 YEARS

• WWI AUSTRIA HUNGARY BROKE INTO SEVERAL SEPARATE NATION-STATES

Russian Empire Crumbles

• NATIONALIST BROKE UP 370 YEARS OF CZAR CONTROL

• CZAR ALSO RULED OVER UKRAINIANS, POLES, LLITHUANIANS, LATVIANS, ESTONIANS, FINNS, JEWS, ROMANIANS, GEORGIANS, ARMENIANS, TURKS & OTHERS

Russification

• ROMANOV DYNASTY FORCED RUSSIAN CULTURE ON ALL THE ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE EMPIRE.

• THIS ACTUALLY STRENGTHENED ETHNIC NATIONALIST FEELING & HELPED TO DISUNIFY RUSSIA

• WWI & COMMUNIST REVOLUTION TOOK STRANGLEHOLD AND LAST ROMANOV CZAR GAVE UP POWER IN 1917

Ottoman Empire Weakens

• TURKS RULED THE OTTOMAN EMPRIRE AND CONTROLLED GREEKS, SLAVS, ARABS, BULGARIANS, & ARMENIANS.

• OTTOMANS GRANTED EQUAL CITIZENSHIP TO ALL PEOPLE AFTER RECEIVING PRESSURE FROM BRITISH AND FRENCH

• CONSERVATIVES WERE ANGERED BY THIS AND EMPIRE SPLIT UP SHORTLY AFTER WWI

Case Study: Italy• ITALIAN NATIONALISTS

LOOKED FOR LEADERSHIP FROM KINGDOM OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA

Camillo di Cavour

• NAMED PRIME MINISTER• FRENCH EMPEROR NAPOLEON III AGREED

TO HELP DRIVE AUSTRIA OUT OF NORTHERN ITALY

• IN 1858, FRENCH & SARDINIAN ARMY WON TWO QUICK VICTORIES AND TAKING NORTHERN ITALY, EXCEPT VENETIA.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

• IN 1860, LED SMALL ITALIAN NATIONALIST IN SOUTH AND CAPTURED SICILY.

• KNOWN AS RED SHIRTS CAUSE HE ALWAYS WORE A BRIGHT RED SHIRT ALONG WITH HIS FOLLOWERS.

• UNITED SOUTHERN AREAS WITH KINGDOM OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA & WAS RULED BY KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II

• IN 1866 AUSTRIAN PROVINCE OF VENETIA, WHICH INCLUDED CITY OF VENICE BECAME PART OF ITALY

• 1870, TOOK LAST PART OF TERRITORY KNOWN AS THE PAPAL STATES.

• CITY OF ROME CAME UNDER ITALIAN CONTROL AND EVENTUALLY BECAME CAPITAL OF THE UNITED KINGDOME OF ITALY.

Case Study: Germany

Prussia Leads German Unification• MAINLY GERMAN POPULATION• NATIONALISM UNIFIED• BERLIN RIOTERS FORCED CONSTITUTIONAL

CONVENTION TO WRITE UP A LIBERAL CONSTITUTION HELPING PAVE THE WAY OF UNIFICATION.

• Wilhelm• 1861 WILHELM I SUCCEEDED FREDERICK

WILLIAM TO THE THRONE• DID NOT RECEIVE MONEY FOR REFORM FROM

LIBERAL PARLIAMENT

• Junkers• SUPPORTED WILHELM, STRONG

CONSERVATIVE MEMBERS OF PRUSSIA’S WEALTHY LANDOWNING CLASS.

Otto von Bismark

• CHOSEN AS WILHELM’S PRIME MINISTER.• MASTER OF REALPOLITIK- MEANS POLITICS

OF REALITY• WOULD RULE WITHOUTH CONSENT FROM

PARLIAMENT OR LEGAL BUDGET.• VIOLATED CONSTITUTION• PARLIAMENT & CONSTITUTION WOULD

GROW WEAKER WHILE KING & PRIME MINISTER WOULD GROW STRONGER

• Prussia Expands• 1864, PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA FORM

ALLIANCE AND DEFECAT DENMARK AND GAIN NEIGHBORING PROVINCES

• Seven weeks War• CONFLICT WITH AUSTRIA & PRUSSIA OVER

TERRITORY. PRUSSIA DESTROYS AUSTRIA GAINING MORE POWER & TERRITORTY

• Franco-Prussian War• FINAL STAGE IN GERMAN UNIFICATION &

ACCEPTED PRUSSIAN LEADERSHIP. • Kaiser (Emporer)• KING WILHELM I OF PRUSSIA IS CROWNED

IN 1871 IN VERSAILLES, FRANCE.

Shift in Power

• IN 1815- FIVE GREAT POWERS IN EUROPE-BRITAIN, FRANCE, AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA & RUSSIA

• IN 1871- BRITAIN & GERMANY (PRUSSIA) CLEARLY MOST POWERFUL MILITRILY & ECONOMICALLY

• AUSTRIA & RUSSIA WERE FAR BEHIND• FRANCE STRUGGLED SOMEWHERE IN THE

MIDDLE