Africa, India, and Africa, India, and the New British the New British

Empire Empire

1750–18701750–1870

Changes and Changes and ExchangesExchanges

in Africain Africa

Thursday – Mar. 16thImperialism - Africa

Thursday – Mar. 16thImperialism - Africa

Imperialism - AfricaThe Roots of Western Imperialism

Thursday – Mar. 16th

Imperialism - AsiaThe Roots of Western Imperialism

Thursday – Mar. 16th

New Africa StatesNew Africa States

► Serious drought hit the coastlands of southeastern Serious drought hit the coastlands of southeastern Africa in the early nineteenth centuryAfrica in the early nineteenth century This led to conflicts over grazing and farming lands.This led to conflicts over grazing and farming lands. During these conflicts Shaka used strict military drill and During these conflicts Shaka used strict military drill and

close-combat warfare in order to build the Zulu kingdom.close-combat warfare in order to build the Zulu kingdom.► Some neighboring Africans created their own states Some neighboring Africans created their own states

(such as Swaziland and Lesotho) in order to protect (such as Swaziland and Lesotho) in order to protect themselves against the expansionist Zulu kingdom.themselves against the expansionist Zulu kingdom.

► Shaka ruled the Zulu kingdom for little more than a Shaka ruled the Zulu kingdom for little more than a decade, but he succeeded in creating a new decade, but he succeeded in creating a new national identity as well as a new kingdom.national identity as well as a new kingdom.

Muslim States in AfricaMuslim States in Africa

► In West Africa movements to purify Islam led to the In West Africa movements to purify Islam led to the construction of new states through the classic construction of new states through the classic Muslim pattern of Muslim pattern of jihad.jihad.

► The largest of these reform movements occurred in The largest of these reform movements occurred in the Hausa states and led to the establishment of the Hausa states and led to the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate (1809–1906).the Sokoto Caliphate (1809–1906).

► The new Muslim states became centers of Islamic The new Muslim states became centers of Islamic learning and reform.learning and reform.

► Sokoto and other Muslim states both sold slaves Sokoto and other Muslim states both sold slaves and used slaves and used slaves in order to raise food, thus making in order to raise food, thus making it possible for them to seclude free Muslim women it possible for them to seclude free Muslim women in their homes in accordance with reformed Muslim in their homes in accordance with reformed Muslim practice.practice.

Modernization in EgyptModernization in Egypt

► In Egypt, In Egypt, Muhammad Ali (r. 1805–1848) carried Muhammad Ali (r. 1805–1848) carried out a series of modernizing reforms out a series of modernizing reforms that were that were intended to build up Egypt’s military strength.intended to build up Egypt’s military strength.

► In order to pay for his reform program, In order to pay for his reform program, Muhammad Ali required Egyptian peasants to Muhammad Ali required Egyptian peasants to cultivate cotton and other crops for export.cultivate cotton and other crops for export.

► Muhammad Ali’s grandson Ismail placed even Muhammad Ali’s grandson Ismail placed even more emphasis on westernizing Egypt.more emphasis on westernizing Egypt.

► Ismail’s ambitious construction programs Ismail’s ambitious construction programs (railroads, the new capital city of Cairo) were (railroads, the new capital city of Cairo) were funded by borrowing from French and British funded by borrowing from French and British banks, which led Britain and France to occupy the banks, which led Britain and France to occupy the country when the market for cotton collapsed country when the market for cotton collapsed after the American Civil War.after the American Civil War.

Muhammad AliMuhammad Ali

Modernization in EthiopiaModernization in Ethiopia

► In the mid- to late nineteenth century In the mid- to late nineteenth century Ethiopian kings:Ethiopian kings: Reconquered territory that had been Reconquered territory that had been

lost since the sixteenth centurylost since the sixteenth century Purchased modern European weaponsPurchased modern European weapons Began to manufacture weapons locallyBegan to manufacture weapons locally

►An attempt to hold British officials An attempt to hold British officials captive led to a temporary British captive led to a temporary British occupation in the 1860s, but the occupation in the 1860s, but the British withdrew and the British withdrew and the modernization program continued.modernization program continued.

France and AlgeriaFrance and Algeria

► In 1830 France invaded Algeria.In 1830 France invaded Algeria.► It took the French eighteen years to It took the French eighteen years to

defeat Algerian resistance organized defeat Algerian resistance organized by the Muslim holy man Abd al-Qadir.by the Muslim holy man Abd al-Qadir. It took a total of 48 years to put down It took a total of 48 years to put down

resistance forces.resistance forces.

►By 1871 130,000 European settlers By 1871 130,000 European settlers had taken possession of rich Algerian had taken possession of rich Algerian farmland.farmland.

European PenetrationEuropean Penetration

►European explorers carried out European explorers carried out peaceful expeditions in order to:peaceful expeditions in order to: Trace the course of Africa’s riversTrace the course of Africa’s rivers Assess the mineral wealth of the continentAssess the mineral wealth of the continent Convert Africans to Christianity.Convert Africans to Christianity.

►David Livingstone, Henry Morton David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and other explorers traced Stanley, and other explorers traced the courses of the Nile, the Niger, the the courses of the Nile, the Niger, the Zambezi, and the Congo rivers.Zambezi, and the Congo rivers.

Abolition and Legitimate Abolition and Legitimate TradeTrade

► In 1808 news of slave revolts like that on Saint In 1808 news of slave revolts like that on Saint Domingue and the activities of abolitionists Domingue and the activities of abolitionists combined to lead Britain and the United combined to lead Britain and the United States to prohibit their citizens from States to prohibit their citizens from participating in the slave trade.participating in the slave trade.

► The British used their navy in order to stop the The British used their navy in order to stop the slave trade, but the continued demand for slave trade, but the continued demand for slaves slaves in Cuba and Brazil meant that the slave in Cuba and Brazil meant that the slave trade did not end until 1867.trade did not end until 1867.

► As the slave trade declined, Africans As the slave trade declined, Africans expanded their “legitimate trade” in gold and expanded their “legitimate trade” in gold and other goods.other goods.

Palm OilPalm Oil

► The most successful new export was palm The most successful new export was palm oil that was exported to British oil that was exported to British manufacturers of soap, and candles.manufacturers of soap, and candles.

► The increased export of palm oil altered the The increased export of palm oil altered the social structure of coastal trading social structure of coastal trading communities of the Niger Delta, as is communities of the Niger Delta, as is demonstrated in the career of the canoe demonstrated in the career of the canoe slave Jaja who became a wealthy palm oil slave Jaja who became a wealthy palm oil trader in the 1870s.trader in the 1870s.

Making Palm OilMaking Palm Oil

Slave and Ivory TradeSlave and Ivory Trade

►When British patrols ended the slave When British patrols ended the slave trade on the Atlantic coast, slave traders trade on the Atlantic coast, slave traders in the Atlantic trade began to purchase in the Atlantic trade began to purchase their slaves from East African markets.their slaves from East African markets.

►Zanzibar Island and neighboring Zanzibar Island and neighboring territories ruled by the Sultan of Oman territories ruled by the Sultan of Oman were important in the slave trade, the were important in the slave trade, the ivory trade, and in the cultivation of ivory trade, and in the cultivation of cloves on plantations using slave labor.cloves on plantations using slave labor.

Secondary EmpiresSecondary Empires

► The demand for ivory along the East African The demand for ivory along the East African coast allowed African and Arab merchants coast allowed African and Arab merchants hundreds of miles inland to build large hundreds of miles inland to build large personal trading empires.personal trading empires.

► Historians refer to these empires as Historians refer to these empires as “secondary empires” because they depended “secondary empires” because they depended on Western demand for ivory and other goods on Western demand for ivory and other goods and on Western manufacturers for weapons.and on Western manufacturers for weapons.

► Egypt’s expansion southward in the Egypt’s expansion southward in the nineteenth century may also be considered a nineteenth century may also be considered a secondary empire. Muhammad Ali invaded secondary empire. Muhammad Ali invaded the Egyptian Sudan in order to secure slaves the Egyptian Sudan in order to secure slaves for his armies.for his armies.

Ivory PiecesIvory Pieces

India Under British India Under British RuleRule

Company MenCompany Men

► In the eighteenth century the Mughal In the eighteenth century the Mughal Empire was defeated and its capital sacked Empire was defeated and its capital sacked by marauding Iranian armies.by marauding Iranian armies.

► Internally, the Mughal’s deputies (Internally, the Mughal’s deputies (nawabsnawabs) ) had become de facto independent rulers of had become de facto independent rulers of their states. their states.

► British, French, and Dutch companies British, French, and Dutch companies staffed by ambitious young “Company Men” staffed by ambitious young “Company Men” established trading posts and strategic established trading posts and strategic places and hired Indian troops (places and hired Indian troops (sepoyssepoys) to ) to defend them.defend them.

The British East India The British East India CompanyCompany

►By the early 1800s the British East By the early 1800s the British East India Company had:India Company had: pushed the French out of south Indiapushed the French out of south India forced the Mughal Empire to recognize forced the Mughal Empire to recognize

Company rule over BengalCompany rule over Bengal taken control of large territories that taken control of large territories that

became the core of the “Bombay became the core of the “Bombay Presidency.”Presidency.”

The RajThe Raj

►The British The British rajraj (reign) over India aimed (reign) over India aimed both to:both to: Introduce administrative and social reformIntroduce administrative and social reform To hold the support of Indian allies by To hold the support of Indian allies by

respecting Indian social and religious respecting Indian social and religious customs.customs.

►These contradictory goals led to many These contradictory goals led to many inconsistencies in British policies inconsistencies in British policies toward India.toward India.

Indian GovernmentIndian Government

► Before 1850 the British created a Before 1850 the British created a government that relied on:government that relied on: sepoy military powersepoy military power disarmed the warriors of the Indian statesdisarmed the warriors of the Indian states gave free reign to Christian missionariesgave free reign to Christian missionaries established a private land ownership system in established a private land ownership system in

order to ease tax collection.order to ease tax collection.► At the same time, the British bolstered the At the same time, the British bolstered the

“traditional” power of princes and holy men “traditional” power of princes and holy men and invented “traditional” rituals to and invented “traditional” rituals to celebrate their own rule. celebrate their own rule.

The Sepoy RebellionThe Sepoy Rebellion

► British political and economic influence British political and economic influence benefited Indian elites and created jobs in some benefited Indian elites and created jobs in some sectors.sectors.

► It did bring new oppression to the poor and It did bring new oppression to the poor and caused the collapse of the traditional textile caused the collapse of the traditional textile industry. industry.

► Discontent among the needy and particularly Discontent among the needy and particularly among the Indian soldiers led to the Sepoy among the Indian soldiers led to the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857.Rebellion of 1857. The rebellion was suppressed in 1858, but it gave The rebellion was suppressed in 1858, but it gave

the British a severe shock.the British a severe shock.

Political Reform & Industrial Political Reform & Industrial ImpactImpact

►After the rebellion of 1857–1858 the After the rebellion of 1857–1858 the British eliminated the last traces of British eliminated the last traces of Mughal and Company rule and Mughal and Company rule and installed a new government, installed a new government, administered from London. administered from London.

►The new government continued to:The new government continued to: emphasize both tradition and reformemphasize both tradition and reform maintain Indian princes in luxurymaintain Indian princes in luxury Stage elaborate ceremonial pageants Stage elaborate ceremonial pageants

known as durbarsknown as durbars

Indian Civil ServiceIndian Civil Service

►An efficient bureaucracy, the Indian An efficient bureaucracy, the Indian Civil Service, now controlled the Indian Civil Service, now controlled the Indian masses.masses.

►Recruitment into the ICS was by Recruitment into the ICS was by examinations that were theoretically examinations that were theoretically open to all, but in practice, racist open to all, but in practice, racist attitudes prevented Indians from attitudes prevented Indians from gaining access to the upper levels of gaining access to the upper levels of administration. administration.

The British in IndiaThe British in India

► After 1857 the British government and British After 1857 the British government and British enterprises:enterprises: expanded the production and export of agricultural expanded the production and export of agricultural

commoditiescommodities built irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraph linesbuilt irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraph lines

► Freer movement of people into the cities caused Freer movement of people into the cities caused the spread of cholera, which was brought under the spread of cholera, which was brought under control when new sewage and filtered water control when new sewage and filtered water systems were installed in the major cities in the systems were installed in the major cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Rising Indian NationalismRising Indian Nationalism

►The failure of the rebellion of 1857 The failure of the rebellion of 1857 prompted some Indians to argue that prompted some Indians to argue that the only way for Indians to regain the only way for Indians to regain control of their destiny was to reduce control of their destiny was to reduce their country’s social and ethnic their country’s social and ethnic divisions and to promote a Pan-Indian divisions and to promote a Pan-Indian nationalism. nationalism.

Brahmo Samaj MovementBrahmo Samaj Movement

► In the early nineteenth century Ram Mouhan In the early nineteenth century Ram Mouhan Roy and his Brahmo Samaj movement tried Roy and his Brahmo Samaj movement tried to:to: Reconcile Indian religious traditions with Western Reconcile Indian religious traditions with Western

values values Reform traditional abuses of women.Reform traditional abuses of women.

► After 1857, Indian intellectuals tended to turn After 1857, Indian intellectuals tended to turn toward Western secular values and western toward Western secular values and western nationalism as a way of developing a Pan-nationalism as a way of developing a Pan-Indian nationalism that would transcend Indian nationalism that would transcend regional and religious differences.regional and religious differences.

Ram Mouhan RoyRam Mouhan Roy

Indian National CongressIndian National Congress

► Indian middle class nationalists Indian middle class nationalists convened the first Indian National convened the first Indian National Congress in 1885. Congress in 1885.

►The Congress promoted national unity The Congress promoted national unity and argued for greater inclusion of and argued for greater inclusion of Indians in the Civil Service, but it was Indians in the Civil Service, but it was an elite organization with little support an elite organization with little support from the masses.from the masses.

Britain’s Eastern Britain’s Eastern EmpireEmpire

Colonies and CommerceColonies and Commerce

► British defeat of French and Dutch forces in British defeat of French and Dutch forces in the Napoleonic Wars allowed Britain to the Napoleonic Wars allowed Britain to expand its control in South Africa, Southeast expand its control in South Africa, Southeast Asia, and the southern Caribbean.Asia, and the southern Caribbean.

► The Cape Colony was valuable to Britain The Cape Colony was valuable to Britain because of its strategic importance as a because of its strategic importance as a supply station on the route to India.supply station on the route to India.

► In response to British pressure the In response to British pressure the descendants of earlier French and Dutch descendants of earlier French and Dutch settlers (the Afrikaners) embarked on a settlers (the Afrikaners) embarked on a “Great Trek” to found new colonies on the “Great Trek” to found new colonies on the fertile high field that had been depopulated fertile high field that had been depopulated by the Zulu wars.by the Zulu wars.

Britain’s Southeast Asian Britain’s Southeast Asian PostsPosts

►The British also established a series of The British also established a series of strategic outposts in Southeast Asia.strategic outposts in Southeast Asia. Thomas Raffles established the free port Thomas Raffles established the free port

of Singapore in 1824of Singapore in 1824 Assam was annexed to India in 1826Assam was annexed to India in 1826 Burma was annexed in 1852Burma was annexed in 1852

Thomas RafflesThomas Raffles

Imperial Policies and Imperial Policies and ShippingShipping

►Historians usually depict Britain in this Historians usually depict Britain in this period as a reluctant empire builder, period as a reluctant empire builder, more interested in trade than in more interested in trade than in acquiring territory.acquiring territory.

►Most of the new colonies were Most of the new colonies were intended to serve as ports in a global intended to serve as ports in a global shipping network that the British shipping network that the British envisioned in terms of free trade, as envisioned in terms of free trade, as opposed to the previous mercantilist opposed to the previous mercantilist trade policy. trade policy.

Exportation of GoodsExportation of Goods

►Whether colonized or not, African, Whether colonized or not, African, Asian, and Pacific lands were being Asian, and Pacific lands were being drawn into the commercial networks drawn into the commercial networks created by British expansion and created by British expansion and industrialization. industrialization.

►These areas became exporters of raw These areas became exporters of raw materials and agricultural goods and materials and agricultural goods and importers of affordable manufactured importers of affordable manufactured products.products.

ShipbuildingShipbuilding

►A second impetus to global commercial A second impetus to global commercial expansion was the technological expansion was the technological revolution in the construction of revolution in the construction of oceangoing ships in the nineteenth oceangoing ships in the nineteenth century.century.

►Use of iron to fasten timbers together Use of iron to fasten timbers together and the use of huge canvas sails allowed and the use of huge canvas sails allowed shipbuilders to make larger, faster shipbuilders to make larger, faster vessels that lowered the cost of shipping vessels that lowered the cost of shipping and thus stimulated maritime trade. and thus stimulated maritime trade.

Colonization ofColonization ofAustralia and New ZealandAustralia and New Zealand

► The development of new ships and shipping The development of new ships and shipping contributed to the colonization of Australia and contributed to the colonization of Australia and New Zealand by British settlers that displaced New Zealand by British settlers that displaced the indigenous populations.the indigenous populations.

► Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in the Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in the early seventeenth century, and Captain James early seventeenth century, and Captain James Cook surveyed New Zealand and the eastern Cook surveyed New Zealand and the eastern Australian coast between 1769 and 1778. Australian coast between 1769 and 1778.

► Unfamiliar diseases brought by new overseas Unfamiliar diseases brought by new overseas contacts substantially reduced the populations contacts substantially reduced the populations of the hunter-gatherer Aborigines of Australia of the hunter-gatherer Aborigines of Australia and the Maori of New Zealand.and the Maori of New Zealand.

Captain James CookCaptain James Cook

ImmigrationImmigration

►Australia received British convicts and, Australia received British convicts and, after the discovery of gold in 1851, a after the discovery of gold in 1851, a flood of free European (and some flood of free European (and some Chinese) settlers.Chinese) settlers.

►British settlers came more slowly to British settlers came more slowly to New Zealand until defeat of the Maori, New Zealand until defeat of the Maori, faster ships, and a short gold rush faster ships, and a short gold rush brought more British immigrants after brought more British immigrants after 1860. 1860.

Governing ThemselvesGoverning Themselves

► The British crown gradually turned The British crown gradually turned governing power over to the British settlers governing power over to the British settlers of Australia and New Zealand, but of Australia and New Zealand, but Aborigines and the Maori experienced Aborigines and the Maori experienced discrimination.discrimination.

► Australia did develop powerful trade unions.Australia did develop powerful trade unions.►New Zealand promoted the availability of New Zealand promoted the availability of

land for the common person.land for the common person.► Both Australia and New Zealand granted Both Australia and New Zealand granted

women the right to vote in 1894.women the right to vote in 1894.

New Labor MigrationsNew Labor Migrations

►Between 1834 and 1870 large Between 1834 and 1870 large numbers of Indians, Chinese, and numbers of Indians, Chinese, and Africans went overseas as laborers.Africans went overseas as laborers.

►British India was the greatest source of British India was the greatest source of migrant laborers, and British colonies migrant laborers, and British colonies (particularly sugar plantations) were (particularly sugar plantations) were the principal destinations of the the principal destinations of the migrants.migrants.

Indentured Servitude ReturnsIndentured Servitude Returns

►With the end of slavery, the demand for With the end of slavery, the demand for cheap labor in the British colonies, Cuba, cheap labor in the British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii was filled by Indians, free and Hawaii was filled by Indians, free Africans, Chinese, and Japanese workers. Africans, Chinese, and Japanese workers.

► These workers served under contracts of These workers served under contracts of indenture which bound them to work for a indenture which bound them to work for a specified number of years in return for free specified number of years in return for free passage to their overseas destination, a passage to their overseas destination, a small salary, and free housing, clothing and small salary, and free housing, clothing and medical care.medical care.

Changes in Indentured Changes in Indentured ServitudeServitude

► These new indentured migrants were similar These new indentured migrants were similar to the European emigrants of the time in that to the European emigrants of the time in that they left their homelands voluntarily in order they left their homelands voluntarily in order to make money that they could send or take to make money that they could send or take back home or to finance a new life in their back home or to finance a new life in their new country. new country.

► However, people recruited as indentured However, people recruited as indentured laborers were:laborers were: much poorer than European emigrantsmuch poorer than European emigrants took lower-paying jobstook lower-paying jobs unable to afford the passage to the most desirable unable to afford the passage to the most desirable

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