Chapter 23

WHAT IS NATIONALISM?

The feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country.

HOW NATIONALISM IMPACTS A NATIONThere are pros and

cons to Nationalism…

Unite people: separate states with common interests join together to form one new nation [Italy & Germany]

Divide people: separate cultures within a nation split up to form several new, smaller nations [Ottoman Empire]

Fuel a fight for Independence: a colony fights to rid itself of its foreign oppressor [Latin American Colonies]

I. When you DON’T have your own nation yet, nationalism can:

II. When you DO have your own nation:

• Patriotism: having pride and loyalty for your nation

• Ethnocentrism: leading to isolation, false sense of superiority and/or aggressive expansion

What are symbols of patriotism?

Unification of Germany 1865

III. Examples of Nationalism

A. GERMANY What happened from 1865-1871…

1. Congress of Vienna (meeting of European powers after Napoleon’s defeat) aimed to…

- restore balance of power in Europe

- take away freedoms people had gained

- put royals back on their thrones

Restore the status quo

DURING NAPOLEON – 1790 AFTER CONGRESS OF VIENNA- 1815

2. This puts the French in charge of some German states. French change several laws which angers the German people.

3. This leads to the rise of nationalism in

Germany.

4. Two most powerful German states are: Austria & Prussia

– Prussia takes the lead toward unification– Prussian King = William I (only a figure head)– King’s Chancellor = Otto von Bismark (really

in charge)

5. Bismark is known as the architect of German unity

– HIS PLAN is called “Blood and Iron”• Blood – War to take control of German speaking

states• Iron – use of German states resources of iron

and coal to build a powerful industrial country

– HIS POLICY is called “Realpolitik” • politics based on the realistic needs of the

state• “The ends justify the means.” = Do

whatever is necessary as long as the goal (unification of Germany) is accomplished.

What Renaissance thinker did this idea come from?

Niccolo Macchiavelli’s

The Prince

“…It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong.”

~Otto von Bismark

What perspective that originated during the Industrial Revolution does this quote reflect?

Social Darwinism

– He created a powerful Prussian army = in pursuit of aggressive foreign policy

6. Three Wars and German Unification

Three Wars over the span of 10 years

a. Schleswig and Holstein (1864)• Prussia and Austria attack Denmark for control

of these two German speaking states• They win- Austria gets Holstein, Prussia gets

Schleswig

b. War with Austria (1866)

• Also called the Seven Weeks War

• Bismark provoked Austria to fight

• Prussia annexed Holstein and other northern German states

• This allowed Prussia to remain independent

c. Franco-Prussian War (1870)

• France fears Prussia’s growing power

• Bismark inspires nationalism b/c Prussians still resents Napoleon’s occupation

• “Incidents” lead to war

• Prussian army crushes the French army

                                                                                             

                 1866 - Kingdom of Prussia

                1866 - Annexations after the Seven Weeks War

                1867 - Extensions towards forming the North German Confederation

                

1871 - More extensions towards forming the Second German Empire

7. Impact of a unified Germany

• Southern Germany states join newly created Germany

• William I is named Kaiser (German emperor) at Versailles in 1871

• Second Reich- name of the German empire (1st Reich was the Holy Roman Empire)

• Germany industrializes (power rivals Britain)

• Bismark (a Lutheran) institutes

kulturkampf (“battle for civilization”) laws that discriminated against

Catholics and other religions

B. Italy

1. Italy is divided into 12 small states.

2. Why unite?– Common language & traditions– Ending economic barriers more wealth– Restore the glory of the Roman Empire

3. Important individuals who had an impact:i. Giuseppe Mazzini

• Organizes Young Italians- secret nationalistic society

“Ideas grow quickly

when watered by the

blood of martyrs.”

ii. Count Camillo di Cavour• Prime Minister of Sardinia under King Victor

Emmanuel II • Sardinia allies with France to drive Austrians

out of Lombardy (a northern Italian state)• In 1860, Parma, Modena and Tuscany join

with Sardinia, which unites northern Italy

iii. Giuseppe Garibaldi

• Led the Red Shirts (a volunteer army)

• Leads revolts in Sicily and in Papal states with the help of Sardinia

4. Victor Emmanuel II becomes king of Italy in 1861

5. Italy acquires Venetia in 1866

6. Rome becomes the official capital in 1870

Green = Hope

                                 

White = Faith

Red = Charity

7. Problems after unification

• Catholic Church resents new gov’ts ownership of papal lands

• Anarchists (people who want to abolish all gov’t) and socialists create turmoil

• Italy slowly industrializes

• Pop. increase leads to emigration to U.S., Canada and Latin America