Chapter 23Chapter 23Solid and Hazardous WasteSolid and Hazardous Waste

Question of the day:Question of the day:o From when you woke up till APES class, From when you woke up till APES class,

make a list of all the things you have make a list of all the things you have thrown away?thrown away?

o Do you think about the packaging of a Do you think about the packaging of a product before you buy it? (How about product before you buy it? (How about those Starbucks/Wawa cups?)those Starbucks/Wawa cups?)

o How often do you reuse objects, recycle How often do you reuse objects, recycle objects?objects?

Question of the dayQuestion of the dayo List the top five materials that you think List the top five materials that you think

get thrown away into landfills.get thrown away into landfills.

o At your house, what would be your top At your house, what would be your top five materials thrown away.five materials thrown away.

Overview of Chapter 23Overview of Chapter 23

o Solid WasteSolid Waste• Types of Solid WasteTypes of Solid Waste

o Waste PreventionWaste Prevention• Reducing the Amount of WasteReducing the Amount of Waste• Reusing ProductsReusing Products• Recycling MaterialsRecycling Materials

o Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste• Types of Hazardous WasteTypes of Hazardous Waste• Management of Hazardous WasteManagement of Hazardous Waste

o Environmental JusticeEnvironmental Justice

ActivityActivityo In small groups, you are going to In small groups, you are going to

research an assigned recycling topic. research an assigned recycling topic. o Write down some facts and information Write down some facts and information

on easel paper. Present to class your on easel paper. Present to class your topic.topic.

o Read selected article.Read selected article.o Summarize article in one paragraph. Be Summarize article in one paragraph. Be

able to teach someone else about your able to teach someone else about your article. Include some facts and figures.article. Include some facts and figures.

Solid WasteSolid Wasteo US generates more solid waste per capita US generates more solid waste per capita

than any other countrythan any other country• 1.98 kg per person per day1.98 kg per person per day

o Types of Solid WasteTypes of Solid Waste• Municipal solid wasteMunicipal solid waste

• Solid material discarded by homes, office buildings, Solid material discarded by homes, office buildings, retail stores, schools, hospitals, prisons, etcretail stores, schools, hospitals, prisons, etc

• Relatively small portion of solid waste producedRelatively small portion of solid waste produced• Non-municipal solid wasteNon-municipal solid waste

• Solid waste generated by industry, agriculture, and Solid waste generated by industry, agriculture, and miningmining

Zero waste familyZero waste familyo http://nomoredirtylooks.com/tag/zero-w

aste-family/

Composition of Municipal Solid Composition of Municipal Solid WasteWaste

Disposal of Solid WasteDisposal of Solid Waste

o Three methodsThree methods• Sanitary LandfillsSanitary Landfills• IncinerationIncineration• RecyclingRecycling

Sanitary Sanitary LandfillLandfill

o CompactinCompacting and g and burying burying waste waste under a under a shallow shallow layer of soillayer of soil

o Most Most common common method of method of disposaldisposal

Chester County Solid Waste Chester County Solid Waste AuthorityAuthority

o http://www.chestercountyswa.org/

Sanitary LandfillSanitary Landfillo ProblemsProblems

• Methane gas production by microorganismsMethane gas production by microorganisms• Contamination of surface water & ground Contamination of surface water & ground

water by leachatewater by leachate• Not a long-term remedyNot a long-term remedy• Few new facilities being openedFew new facilities being opened• Closing a full landfill is very expensiveClosing a full landfill is very expensive

Sanitary LandfillSanitary Landfillo Special Problem of PlasticSpecial Problem of Plastic

• Much of plastic is from packagingMuch of plastic is from packaging• Chemically stable and do not readily break Chemically stable and do not readily break

down and decomposedown and decomposeo Special Problem of Special Problem of

TiresTires• Cannot be melted and Cannot be melted and

reused for tiresreused for tires• Made from materials Made from materials

that cannot be that cannot be recycledrecycled

• Can be incinerated or Can be incinerated or shreddedshredded

TiresTireso http://tire-conversion.com/index.php/wh

y-we-recycle/general-information

o Household Hazardous Waste DaysHousehold Hazardous Waste Dayso Chester County, PA Chester County, PA

http://www.chestercountyswa.org/pdf/LHSchedule.pdf

o Delaware County, PA Delaware County, PA http://www.co.delaware.pa.us/recycle/hhw.html

The Plastic problemThe Plastic problemo Pacific Ocean Garbage IssuePacific Ocean Garbage Issue

o DVD-Clip from Wired ScienceDVD-Clip from Wired Science

Question of the day:Question of the day:o Why is plastic debris a problem in our Why is plastic debris a problem in our

oceans?oceans?

o What is the name of the “garbage What is the name of the “garbage patch” in the Pacific Ocean?patch” in the Pacific Ocean?

o How could you help reduce this plastic How could you help reduce this plastic burden?burden?

IncinerationIncinerationo Volume of solid Volume of solid

waste reduced by waste reduced by 90%90%

o Produces heat that Produces heat that can make steam to can make steam to generate electricitygenerate electricity• Produce less carbon Produce less carbon

emissions than emissions than fossil fuel power fossil fuel power plants (right)plants (right)

IncinerationIncinerationo Types of IncineratorsTypes of Incinerators

• Mass burn (below)Mass burn (below)• ModularModular• Refuse-derivedRefuse-derived

IncineratorIncineratoro Problems Associated with IncinerationProblems Associated with Incineration

• Yields air pollutionYields air pollution• Produce large amounts of ashProduce large amounts of ash• Site selection often controversialSite selection often controversial

Chester, PA “Trash to Steam” Chester, PA “Trash to Steam” PlantPlant

o http://www.delcotimes.com/articles/2009/07/06/news/doc4a51b600e9972546641127.txt?viewmode=fullstory

o http://www.covantaenergy.com/en/list-of-facilities/videos.aspx

CompostingCompostingo Includes:Includes:

• Food scrapsFood scraps• Sewage sludgeSewage sludge• Agricultural manureAgricultural manure• Yard wasteYard waste

o Reduces yard waste in landfillsReduces yard waste in landfillso Can be sold or distributed to Can be sold or distributed to

communitycommunity

Dive!Dive!o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HlF

P-PMW6E

o Interesting conceptInteresting concept

How to yard compost?How to yard compost?o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqW

TYB_XLwE&feature=related

Waste PreventionWaste Preventiono Three GoalsThree Goals

• (1) Reduce the amount of waste(1) Reduce the amount of waste• (2) Reuse products (2) Reuse products • (3) Recycle materials(3) Recycle materials

Reducing WasteReducing Wasteo Purchase products with less packagingPurchase products with less packaging

Reducing WasteReducing Wasteo Source reductionSource reduction

• Products are designed and manufactured in Products are designed and manufactured in ways that decrease the volume of solid ways that decrease the volume of solid waste in the waste streamwaste in the waste stream

o Pollution Prevention Act (1990)Pollution Prevention Act (1990)o DematerializationDematerialization

• Progressive decrease in the size and weight Progressive decrease in the size and weight of a product as a result of technological of a product as a result of technological improvementsimprovements

Reusing ProductsReusing Productso Refilling glass beverage bottlesRefilling glass beverage bottles

• Heavier glass that costs moreHeavier glass that costs moreo Japan recycles almost all bottlesJapan recycles almost all bottles

• Reused 20 timesReused 20 times

Recycling MaterialsRecycling Materialso Every ton of recycled Every ton of recycled

paper saves:paper saves:• 17 trees17 trees• 7000 gallons of water7000 gallons of water• 4100 kwatt-hrs of energy4100 kwatt-hrs of energy• 3 cubic yards of landfill 3 cubic yards of landfill

spacespaceo RecycleRecycle

• Glass bottles, newspapers, Glass bottles, newspapers, steel cans, plastic bottles, steel cans, plastic bottles, cardboard, office papercardboard, office paper

RecyclingRecyclingo Recycling PaperRecycling Paper

• US recycles 50%US recycles 50%• Many developed Many developed

countries are highercountries are highero Recycling GlassRecycling Glass

• US recycles 25%US recycles 25%• Costs less than new Costs less than new

glassglass• Can be used to make Can be used to make

glassphalt (right)glassphalt (right)

RecyclingRecyclingo Recycling AluminumRecycling Aluminum

• Making new can from recycled one costs far less Making new can from recycled one costs far less than making a brand new onethan making a brand new one

RecyclingRecyclingo Recycling Metals other Recycling Metals other

than Aluminumthan Aluminum• Lead, gold, iron, steel, Lead, gold, iron, steel,

silver and zincsilver and zinc• Metallic composition is Metallic composition is

often unknownoften unknown• Makes recycling difficultMakes recycling difficult

o Recycling PlasticRecycling Plastic• Less than 20% is recycledLess than 20% is recycled• Less expensive to make Less expensive to make

from raw materialsfrom raw materials

RecyclingRecyclingo Recycling TiresRecycling Tires

• Few products are made from old tiresFew products are made from old tires• Playground equipmentPlayground equipment• TrashcansTrashcans• Garden hoseGarden hose• CarpetCarpet• Roofing materialsRoofing materials

• 36% of tires are currently recycled to make 36% of tires are currently recycled to make other productsother products

Upcycle- Today’s Project-. Upcycle- Today’s Project-. Create! Creativity!Create! Creativity!

o TerracycleTerracycle

o FreecycleFreecycle

ExamplesExamples

Recycling research continuedRecycling research continuedo Finish posters from previous week and Finish posters from previous week and

share outshare out

Single Stream recyclingSingle Stream recyclingo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_RW

qgXcP_k

Cell phone recyclingCell phone recyclingo http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=sCU4o_Ce9PM&NR=1&feature=fvwpv=sCU4o_Ce9PM&NR=1&feature=fvwp

o The AfterLife of Cell PhonesThe AfterLife of Cell Phoneso http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/

magazine/13Cellphone-t.html?magazine/13Cellphone-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0pagewanted=all&_r=0

o Terracycle- video and websiteTerracycle- video and website

Integrated Waste ManagementIntegrated Waste Management

Question of the day:Question of the day:o 1. What qualifies as hazardous waste?1. What qualifies as hazardous waste?

o 2. Why do you think it needs separate 2. Why do you think it needs separate disposal?disposal?

o What is Superfund? (just guess)What is Superfund? (just guess)

Hazardous WasteHazardous Wasteo Any discarded chemical Any discarded chemical

that threatens human that threatens human health or the environmenthealth or the environment• Reactive, corrosive, Reactive, corrosive,

explosive or toxic chemicalsexplosive or toxic chemicalso Types of Hazardous WasteTypes of Hazardous Waste

• DioxinsDioxins• PCBsPCBs• Radioactive wasteRadioactive waste

Management of Hazardous Management of Hazardous WasteWaste

o Chemical accidentsChemical accidents• National Response Center notifiedNational Response Center notified• Typically involves oil, gasoline or other Typically involves oil, gasoline or other

petroleum spillpetroleum spillo Current Management PoliciesCurrent Management Policies

• Resource Conservation and Recovery Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984)Act (1976, 1984)

• Comprehensive Environmental Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980)Act (1980)

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984)(1976, 1984)

o The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) gives EPA gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the the authority to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave." This includes the generation, "cradle-to-grave." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a framework for the management of non-hazardous framework for the management of non-hazardous solid wastes. solid wastes. The 1986 amendments to RCRA enabled EPA to The 1986 amendments to RCRA enabled EPA to address environmental problems that could result from underground address environmental problems that could result from underground tanks storing petroleum and other hazardous substances.tanks storing petroleum and other hazardous substances.

o HSWA - HSWA - the Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste the Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments - are the 1984 amendments to RCRA Amendments - are the 1984 amendments to RCRA that focused on waste minimization and phasing that focused on waste minimization and phasing out land disposal of hazardous waste as well as out land disposal of hazardous waste as well as corrective action for releasescorrective action for releases. . Some of the other Some of the other mandates of this law include increased enforcement authority for mandates of this law include increased enforcement authority for EPA, more stringent hazardous waste management standards, and a EPA, more stringent hazardous waste management standards, and a comprehensive underground storage tank program.comprehensive underground storage tank program.

Management of Management of Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste

o Cleaning up existing Cleaning up existing hazardous waste: hazardous waste: superfund programsuperfund program• 400,000 waste sites400,000 waste sites• Leaking chemical Leaking chemical

storage tanks and storage tanks and drums (right)drums (right)

• Pesticides dumpsPesticides dumps• Piles of mining wastesPiles of mining wastes

o Must be cleaned upMust be cleaned up

Love CanalLove Canalo First site of it’s kind. Sparked CERCLA.First site of it’s kind. Sparked CERCLA.(aka Superfund)(aka Superfund)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKIM9sE0t6I&safety_mode=true&persist_safetyv=vKIM9sE0t6I&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active_mode=1&safe=active

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/2/2c/Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_BoarHooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdfd_of_Education.pdf

Case-In-Point Hanford Nuclear Case-In-Point Hanford Nuclear ReservationReservation

Management of Hazardous Management of Hazardous WasteWaste

o Superfund National Priorities ListSuperfund National Priorities List• 2006: 1558 sites on the list2006: 1558 sites on the list• States with the greatest number of sitesStates with the greatest number of sites

• New Jersey (115)New Jersey (115)• California (93)California (93)• Pennsylvania (93)Pennsylvania (93)• New York (86)New York (86)• Michigan (65)Michigan (65)

Superfund: What is it?Superfund: What is it?o Superfund is the name given to the environmental Superfund is the name given to the environmental

program established to address abandoned program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites. It is also the name of the hazardous waste sites. It is also the name of the fund established by the Comprehensive fund established by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (CERCLA Liability Act of 1980, as amended (CERCLA statute, CERCLA overview). This law was enacted statute, CERCLA overview). This law was enacted in the wake of the discovery of toxic waste dumps in the wake of the discovery of toxic waste dumps such as Love Canal and Times Beach in the 1970s. such as Love Canal and Times Beach in the 1970s. It allows the EPA to clean up such sites and to It allows the EPA to clean up such sites and to compel responsible parties to perform cleanups or compel responsible parties to perform cleanups or reimburse the government for EPA-lead cleanups.reimburse the government for EPA-lead cleanups.

Management of Hazardous Management of Hazardous WasteWaste

o Biological Treatment of Hazardous Biological Treatment of Hazardous ChemicalsChemicals• BioremediationBioremediation• PhytoremediationPhytoremediation

o Management the Waste we are Management the Waste we are Producing NowProducing Now• (1) source reduction(1) source reduction• (2) conversion to less hazardous materials(2) conversion to less hazardous materials• (3) long-term storage(3) long-term storage

Management of Hazardous Management of Hazardous WasteWaste

o Hazardous Waste LandfillHazardous Waste Landfill

Environmental JusticeEnvironmental Justiceo Environmental Justice and Ethical IssuesEnvironmental Justice and Ethical Issues

• Right of every citizen, regardless of age, Right of every citizen, regardless of age, race, gender, social class, to adequate race, gender, social class, to adequate protection from environmental hazardsprotection from environmental hazards

• Fundamental human rightFundamental human right• Grassroots campaignGrassroots campaign

o Mandating environmental Justice- Mandating environmental Justice- Federal Level-Clinton 1994, 1997 case Federal Level-Clinton 1994, 1997 case in LA, nuke facility(Ur processing plant)in LA, nuke facility(Ur processing plant)

Environmental JusticeEnvironmental Justiceo International Waste ManagementInternational Waste Management

• Developed countries sometimes send their Developed countries sometimes send their waste to developing countrieswaste to developing countries

• Less expensive than following laws within the Less expensive than following laws within the countrycountry

• Controversial aspect of waste managementControversial aspect of waste management• Basel Convention (1989)Basel Convention (1989)

• Restricts international transport of hazardous Restricts international transport of hazardous wastewaste