Chapter 22Part 2

The Industrial Revolution

A Growing demand for textiles

Led to the world’s first large factories The constant shortage of thread caused

new inventions of the proto-industrial period

The key event of the industrial revolution was the steam engine’s application to textile production:

Richard Arkwright used the steam engine to power looms and required factory production

Metallurgical industries Boomed as they provided the machinery

By 1790 new machines produced ten times as much cotton yarn as in 1770

By 1800 production of cotton thread was England’s most important industry

By 1850 England produced ½ of the world’s cotton cloth

Cotton Goods Became much cheaper and were

enjoyed by all classes

Poor people could afford underwear!

Steam engines and coal A revolution in energy! Went from wood-burning (charcoal)

to coal-burning

Before 1789 charcoal was the feul mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron

Deforestation Occurred in England and parts of

Europe

Coal provided steam power used in many industries

By 1850 England produced 2/3 of the world’s coal

The Steam Engine In 1698 Thomas Savory and in 1705

Thomas Newcomen invented the steam pump to pump water out of mines

Both of the above were really inefficient

They had replaced mechanical pumps powered by animals

James Watt in 1769 Invented the first efficient steam

engine

Was a chemist who was working with a problematic Newcomen steam engine.

He moved the condenser…

Was the most fundamental advance in technology

Steam Power Began to replace water power in

cotton-spinning mills in the 1780’s

Other mills as well: flour, malt, flint

Radical changes in manufacturing and transport

The Iron Industry Was also radically changed by steam

power

Rising supplies of coal gave rise to rising iron production which gave rise to heavy industry (the manufacture of machinery and materials used in production)

Iron production switched rapidly from charcoal to coke in smelting pig iron

Henry Cort 1780’s Developed the Puddling Furnace:

allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

By 1850 England produced more than ½ of the world’s iron

Transportation Radical changes made possible by

steam power

Needed faster ways to distribute finished goods AND to procure raw materials to factories

New Canal Systems The Duke of Bridgewater at the

forefront

Canals connected waterways AND worked with other industries: RR’s

Hard-surfaced Roads Pioneered by John McAdam Big improvement in over-land travel

Steamboats 1807 Robert Fulton’s Clermont On the Hudson River Made 2-way river transport possible Made travel on high seas faster

1838 first steamship crossed the Atlantic

Railroads 1803 First steam wagon in London

1825 George Stephenson made the railway locomotive commercially successful

By 1829 the locomotive was widely used in England

The Rocket 1830 The world’s first important RR Manchester to Liverpool In the heart of industrial England 16 mph

By 1840’s: many private companies organized to build more

Impact of the RR Big reduction in the cost of shipping

freight on land Caused growing regional and

national markets Helped to increase the #s of the

urban working class who came from the countryside

Many cottage workers BUILT the RRs then used the RRs to find work

England in 1850 Produced 2/3 of the world’s coal Produced more than ½ of the

world’s cotton cloth Produced more than ½ of the

world’s iron GNP between 1801-1850 was up by

350%! Population: 9 million in 1780 to 21

million in 1851

Per capita income Increased 100% between 1801-1851

The economy grew faster than population

Caused a great demand for labor

The Crystal Palace Built by the English to celebrate

England’s success with the industrial age

All Glass and Iron 1851 international exhibit Prince Albert supervised the work

Was 1/3 of a mile long 800,000 square feet

Crystal Palace in Hyde Park