chapter 20: protists biology- kirby. 20-1: the kingdom protista protist- any organism that is not a...
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Chapter 20: ProtistsBiology- Kirby
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20-1: The Kingdom Protista
• Protist- any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or prokaryote.
• Protists are eukaryotes, and most are unicellular.
• The first eukaryotic organisms on Earth were protists (1.5 billion years ago).
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20-1: The Kingdom Protista
• 3 types of protists:–Animallike- heterotrophs–Plantlike- autotrophs–Funguslike- external digestion
such as decomposers or parasites.
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20-2: Animallike Protists: Protozoans
• There are 4 types of protozoans classified by their movement:–Zooflagellates–Sarcodines–Ciliates–Sporozoans
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20-2: Animallike Protists: Protozoans
• Zooflagellates- move through aquatic environments with flagella.
• They can have more than 1 flagella.• Able to absorb food through cell
membrane.• Most reproduce asexually by
mitosis and cytokinesis.• Some reproduce sexually by
meiosis and the formation of gametes.
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20-2: Animallike Protists: Protozoans
• Sarcodines- use pseudopods for feeding and movement.
• Pseupod- “false foot”• Example: Amoeba- capture and
digest food by forming a food vacuole with its cytoplasm.
• They reproduce by mitosis and cytokinesis.
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20-2: Animallike Protists: Protozoans
• Ciliates- use cilia for feeding and movement.
• Cilia- short hairlike projections similar to flagella. Cilia move together, or beat, and move the organism very quickly.
• Example: Paramecium- have a macronucleus and a micronucleus.
• Cilia sweep food into the gullet.
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20-2: Animallike Protists: Protozoans
• Continued:
•Waste exit through an anal pore in the membrane.
• A cavity called contractile vacuole holds and expels water.
• Usually reproduce asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis. Under stress, paramecium undergo conjugation.
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20-2: Animallike Protists: Protozoans
• Sporozoans- do not move on their own; parasitic.
• Attaches itself to a host and lives inside it.
• Some animallike protists cause diseases like malaria and African sleeping sickness.
• Others are beneficial to organisms.
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20-2: Animallike Protists: Protozoans
• Zooflagellates
• Sarcodines
• Ciliates
• Sporozoans
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20-3: Plantlike Protists-Unicellular Algae
• Plantlike protists are called algae.
• They contain chlorophyll which makes them appear green.
• Some scientists think algae are more closely related to plants; but we consider them to be protists.
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20-3: Plantlike Protists-Unicellular Algae
• Accessory pigments- absorb light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll- give algae a range of color.
• There are 4 phyla of unicellular algae:– Euglenophytes– Chrysophytes– Diatoms– Dinoflagellates
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20-3: Plantlike Protists-Unicellular Algae
• Euglenophytes:• Plantlike protists that have 2
flagella and no cell wall.• Have an eyespot which allows
the organism to find sunlight.• Can also live as heterotrophs by
absorbing nutrients.
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20-3: Plantlike Protists-Unicellular Algae
• Chrysophytes:• Means “golden plants” because
they have gold-colored chloroplasts.
• Diatoms:• Produce thin cell walls made of
silicon which make the walls look like glass.
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20-3: Plantlike Protists-Unicellular Algae
• Dinoflagellates:• Half are autotrophs, half are
heterotrophs.• Many are luminescent and give
off light when agitated by sudden movement in water.
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20-4: Plantlike Protists-Red, Brown, & Green Algae
• There are 3 phyla of multicellular algae:–Red algae–Brown algae–Green algae
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20-4: Plantlike Protists-Red, Brown, & Green Algae• Red algae:• Able to live deep in the water.• Have chlorophyll a and reddish
accessory pigments called phycobilins.
• Important to the formation of coral reefs.
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20-4: Plantlike Protists-Red, Brown, & Green Algae• Brown algae:• Contain chlorophyll a and c, and a
brown accessory pigment called fucoxanthin.
• Largest and most complex of the algae.
• Live in cool, shallow waters.
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20-4: Plantlike Protists-Red, Brown, & Green Algae
• Green algae:• Contain chlorophyll a and b, and
cellulose in cell walls.• Live in fresh and salt water. • Unicellular green algae- 2 flagella &
single chloroplast.• Colonial green algae- cells are stacked.• Multicellular green algae- has
specialized cells & lives on rocky coasts.
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20-4: Plantlike Protists-Red, Brown, & Green Algae
• Green algae Reproduction:• Life cycle includes both a diploid
and haploid generation.
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20-5: Funguslike Protists
• Funguslike protists are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead/decaying matter.
• Slime molds- funguslike protists that recycle organic material.–Cellular slime molds- individual
cells remain separated during life cycle.
–Acellular slime molds- cells fuse to form large cells with many nuclei called plasmodia.
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20-5: Funguslike Protists
• Water molds- thrive on dead/decaying matter in water & some are plant parasites on land.
• Produce thin filaments called hyphae which aid in reproduction.
• Slime and water molds are very beneficial because they help decompose matter, but some can cause plant diseases.