Chapter 20Mass Society and Democracy

Section 1 The Growth of Industrial

Prosperity

Section 1 Targets

•Describe how new sources of energy and consumer products transformed the standard of living for all social classes in many European countries.

•Summarize how working-class leaders used Marx’s ideas to form social parties

I. The Second Industrial Revolution

•Stunning material growth•1st – Textiles, railroads, iron & coal

•2nd – Steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum

A. New Products 1870 to 1914

•Steel for iron (lighter, smaller, & faster) machines & engines,

•Electricity (heat, light & motion)

A. New Products

•Thomas Edison created the light bulb in the United States

• Joseph Swan (Britain)•opened homes & cities to electric lights

Thomas Edison

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A. New Products

•telephone, Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell

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A. New Products

•radio, Guglielmo Marconi

Guglielmo Marconi

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New Products

•internal-combustion engine•Henry Ford, automobile•Assembly line production•Provided a new source of power for transportation

•Ocean liners, airplanes, automobiles

Henry Ford & the Model

T

The Automobile

Many new forms of transportation were created in the Industrial Revolution, but none affected more people on a daily basis than the automobile. It was the invention of the internal-combustion engine that made the automobile possible.

New Products

•Orville & Wilbur Wright made the first flight in a fixed-wing plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

B. New Patterns•Wages increased•prices fell•transportation cost reduced•Advanced industrial core vs. agricultural areas

•These provide food & raw materials

20% or more were living in large cities by 1870.

Germany, France, Switzerland, Luxemburg, Belgium, and the Netherlands

Industrialization and urbanization created the need for markets and raw materials.

C. Toward a World Economy

•Steamship & railroad created a world economy

•Capital invested abroad•Foreign countries provide markets

•Europe now had capital, industries & military might

II. Organizing the Working Classes

•Desire to improve their working and living conditions

A. Marx’s Theory

•1848, The Communist Manifesto

•Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels•Appalled at the horrible

conditions in factories•Oppressors vs. Oppressed

have been fighting since the beginning of time

Karl Marx

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Karl Marx

“Proletarians of the World,

Unit!”

A. Marx’s Theory

•Bourgeoisie- owned the means of production or the oppressors

•proletariat –depended on the Bourgeoisie or the oppressed

•Dictatorship – government in which a person or group has absolute power

A. Marx’s Theory

•All of the world history was a “history of class struggles” - the oppressor versus the oppressed. This struggle would end in open revolution & the overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the proletariat. A classless society would emerge, & the state would wither away.

B. Socialist Parties

•German Social Democratic Party, under the direction of Marxist leaders

•Worked to pass laws that would improve conditions for the working class

•Party was divided between Pure Marxists who wanted a violent revolution

B. Socialist Parties

•German Social Democratic Party•Revisionists, rejected the

revolutionary approach and argued that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with other parties to gain reforms

C. Trade Unions

•strike, a work stoppage called by members of a union to pressure an employer into meeting their demands

•1900, 2 million workers in Britain

•By 1914, 4 million

Section 2: The Emergence of Mass

Society

I. The New Urban

• Lack of jobs & land drove people from rural areas to the cities

• Jobs in factories & service trades

• Improvements in sanitation, water supply and services made cities more livable

II. Social Structure of Mass Society

• New elite: Landowning aristocrats joined by wealthy industrialists, bankers and merchants

• Middle Class

• Upper middle class – lawyers, doctors, civil service, accountants, etc.

• Lower middle class – shopkeepers & traders

A. The New Elite

• Landowning aristocrats joined by wealthy industrialists, bankers and merchants

B. The Middle Class

• Believed in hard work

• Concerned with the “right way of doing things”

C. The Working Class

• 80% of the European population

• Landholding peasants, farm laborers, sharecroppers

• Unskilled laborers – day laborers & domestic

C. The Working Class

• Improved working conditions, more money, 10 hour workday and the invention of the weekend improved life for urban workers

III. The Experiences of Women

• 19th century, women struggled to change their status

A. New Job Opportunities

• More jobs opened up for women (secretaries, phone operators, salesclerks)

• Low paying white-collar jobs

B. Marriage & the Family

• Birth control=smaller families

• More focus on childhood

• Girls should stop working when they married

• Togetherness/ Family Christmas created

C. The Movement for Women’s Rights

• Feminism - movement for women’s rights

• Began during the Enlightenment• Florence Nightengale (famous

British nurse) & Clara Barton (US Civil War Nurse) established nursing profession

• “Women in white”

IV. Universal Education

• State supported schools established

• Boys and girls 6-12 • Need for skilled workforce• Democracy=need for educated

voters• literacy, or the ability to read

V. New Forms of Leisure

• More money, more spare time• Amusement parks• Sports Teams & movies • entertained large crowds• distracted them from the

realities of their work lives

Steeplechase swimming pool at Coney Island, New York, c. 1919

The New Team Sports

Sports were by no means a new activity in the late nineteenth century. Soccer games had been played by peasants and workers, and these games had often been bloody and even deadly. However, in the late nineteenth century, sports became strictly organized. The English Football Association (founded in 1863) and the American Bowling Congress (founded in 1895), for example, provide strict rules and officials to enforce them.

87 cents

about 2 ounces

$1.78

The diet consisted of all meat and carbohydrates with no fresh vegetables.

Section 3: The National State &

Democracy

Objectives

•Discuss how new political parties and labor unions challenged the governments of western Europe.

•Explain how international rivalries led to conflicts in the Balkans and World War I

I. Western Europe & Political Democracy

• Progress towards constitutions, parliaments and individual liberties

• Political democracy• Universal male suffrage• Political parties & larger organizations• People now part of the political

process

A. Great Britain• Two-party parliamentary system• *Liberal Party & Conservative Party• Led by aristocratic landowners• *Reform acts of 1867 & 1884

increased the number of adult males who could vote

• Later, by World War I (1917) all males over age 21 and women over age 30 could vote

A. Great Britain• Liberal party developments• 1. trade unions grew• 2. New party, Labour Party• Voted on a series of social reforms• Benefits for sickness and

unemployment• Small pension for those over 70 and

compensation for those injured in accidents while at work

B. France• Third Republic gained a republican

constitution•ministerial responsibility - the

idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body & not to the executive officer

• France fails to develop a strong parliamentary system

• A dozen of political parties, frequent changes of government leadership

C. Italy

•United in 1870, but had little sense of unity because of the difference between the industrialized north and the poverty stricken south

•Turmoil between labor and industry

•Weak and corrupt government

II. Central & Eastern Europe: The Old Order

•Germany, Austria- Hungary and Russia pursued policies that were quiet different

A. Germany•Two-house legislature•*Lower house of the German

parliament, the Reichstag•*William II, emperor controlled

the armed forces, foreign policy and gov’t bureacracy

•*Otto von Bismarck (prime minister) worked to keep Germany from becoming a democracy

William II Otto von Bismarck

A. Germany•*Germany had become the

strongest military and industrial power in Europe

•Demands for democracy•Conservative forces (landowning

nobility & big industrialists) tried to block the movement for democracy

•Supported a strong foreign policy

B. Austria-Hungary• *Francis Joseph, Austrian

emperor ignored the parliamentary system

• He appointed & dismissed his own ministers and issued decrees, or laws

• Troubled by conflicts between the various nationalities

• Hungary had a parliament that worked

C. Russia•*Czar, Nicholas II believed in

absolute power•Industrialization began late,

but developed rapidly•Socialist parties developed by

Karl Marx emerged•Discontent and opposition to

the czarist regime grew

Nicholas II

C. Russia•Workers protesting outside the

Winter Palace in St. Petersburg were killed, this “Bloody Sunday” caused workers to call strikes

•Nicolas II was forced to grant civil liberties and create a legislative *assembly or Duma

•Reforms proved short-lived

III. The United States & Canada

• Between 1870 and 1914• United States becomes an

industrial power• Canada faced problems of

national unity

A. Aftermath of the Civil War

• Old south destroyed, 1/5 of the adult white male population had been killed

• Four million slaves freed• *13th amendment to the Constitution

abolished slavery• *14, amendment gave citizenship to

African Americans• *15th, amendment gave African

Americans the right to vote

B. Economy• Shifted from agrarian to an industrial

nation• By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities• Steel and iron (Carnegie Steel Company)• Europeans migration to both North & South

America• 11 million between 1870 & 1900• By 1900, the world’s richest nation, but 9%

of Americans owned 71% of the wealth

C. Expansion Abroad

•Samoan Islands, Hawaii•Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani

was deposed by American military forces

•Annexed Hawaii in 1898•Puerto Rico, Guam and the

Philippines were taken for Spain after the Spanish-American War

Queen Liliuokalani

D. Canada• Unity was difficult to achieve

because of distrust between the English-speaking and French-speaking peoples of Canada

• Wilfred Laurier, became the first French-Canadian prime minister in 1896

• He was able to reconcile these two major groups

IV. International Rivalries• Fearing France, Otto von Bismarck,

helped make the *Triple Alliance of 1882 (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy)

• William II fires Bismarck and begins to make changes. He dropped his treaty with Russia

• This brought Russia and France together• *1907, Great Britain, France and Russia

form the Triple Entente

Triple Alliance of

1882

V. Crises in the Balkans

•Once controlled by the Ottoman Empire, these provinces gradually gained their freedom

•1878, Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro became independent states

•Tensions grew between Austria-Hungary and Russia to control his area

Balkans

V. Crises in the Balkans• 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed

Bosnia and Herzegovina• This outraged Serbia• Russia supported Serbia in its

move for independence• Germany demanded that the

Russians accept Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina or face war with Germany

V. Crises in the Balkans

•Weakened by the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Russia backed down

between 1900 and 1920

around 1920 after 1900

Section 4: Toward the Modern

Consciousness

Section 4 Targets

• Describe how innovative artistic movements during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s rejected traditional styles

• Explain how extreme nationalism and racism led to an increase in anti-Semitism

• Summarize how developments in science changed how people saw themselves and their world

I. A New Physics

•Science offered a certainty of belief in the orderliness of nature

•Isaac Newton’s views of the universe (a giant machine) will be replace with (time, space & matter)

I. A New Physics

•*Marie Curie, French scientist that discovered the element radium which gave off energy, or radiation

•Albert Einstein, German-born scientist, published his special theory of relativity

Marie Curie

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Albert Einstein

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I. A New Physics

•Einstein’s theory stated that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer

•Matter and energy reflect the relativity of time and space

•Ideas lead to the “Atomic Age”

II. Freud & Psychoanalysis• Sigmund Freud, doctor from

Vienna• Proposed a series of theories that

raised questions about the nature of the human mind

• 1900, The Interpretation of Dreams• *Human behavior was strongly

determined by past experiences and internal forces of which people were largely unaware

Sigmund Freud

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II. Freud & Psychoanalysis

•Repression of such experiences began in childhood, so he devised a method known as - *psychoanalysis

•unconscious & repression

Psychoanalysis

II. Social Darwinism & Racism

•Herbert Spencer•Social progress came from “the struggle for survival” as the “fit” – the strong – advanced while the weak declined “Social Darwinism”

III. Anti-Semitism & Zionism

•*Anti-Semitism - hostility toward & discrimination against Jews

•*Pogroms – organized massacres

•Zionism – a movement for Jews to return to Palestine (the ancient land of Israel)

IV. The Culture of Modernity

•Artist and writers rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles, these changes produced modernism

B. Painting

•1870 to 1914•*Impressionism, artists began to reject the studios and went out into the countryside to paint nature directly

B. Painting

•Claude Monet, impressionist who painted pictures in which he sought to capture the interplay of light, water & sky

http://www.washacadsci.org/meadowlark-gardens/Flowers/waterlilies.claude%20monet.large.jpg

Waterlilies

Waterlily Pond

Painting

•Postimpressionism•Vincent van Gogh•Interested in color and believed it could act as its own form of language

•Paint what you feel

http://www.lip.pt/~catarina/starry-night.jpg

Starry Night

Sunflowers

Painting

•1888 first Kodak camera (George Eastman)

•Modern Art•Pablo Picasso•Cubism, used geometric

designs to recreate reality in the viewer’s mind

http://www.poster.net/picasso-pablo/picasso-pablo-still-life-on-a-pedestal-table-1931-2201190.jpg

still-life-on-a-pedestal-table

Woman with a Flower

C. Architecture

•Functionalism, building like the products of machines, should be functional, or useful

• Louis H. Sullivan, buildings virtually free of external ornamentation

•Frank Lloyd Wright, geometric structures with long lines and overhanging roofs.

Frank Lloyd Wright

D. Music

•Igor Stravinsky •The Rite of Spring

PostimpressionismHe believed it could act

as its own language.

They should paint what they feel.

Chapter Summary