chapter 2 theories of development. theories help to organize a huge body of info help to focus our...
TRANSCRIPT
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Theories
Help to organize a huge body of info
Help to focus our search for new understandings
Help us to explain how findings might be interpreted
Help to identify major disagreements among scholars
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The Psychoanalytic Approach
Sigmund Freud
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Structures of the Mind
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The Developing Personality
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Psychosocial Crises and Development
Erik Erikson
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Stage One: InfancyAge: 0 to 1 years oldCrisis: Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
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Stage Two: Early ChildhoodAge: 2 to 3 years oldCrisis: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
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Stage Three: Preschool ChildrenAge: 3 to 5 years oldCrisis: Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
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Stage Four: Middle ChildhoodAge: 6 to 12 years oldCrisis: Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
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Stage Five: AdolescenceAge: 12 to 18 years oldCrisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
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Stage Six: Young AdulthoodAge: 18-25 yearsCrisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
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Stage Seven: Middle AdulthoodAge: 25-65 yearsCrisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
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Stage Eight: MaturityAge: 65 years until deathCrisis: Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages
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The Cognitive Development Approach
Jean Piaget
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Stages
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Functional Invariants
•Assimilation•Accommodation
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Three fundamental themes:1) Concept of development2) Social & cultural
development3) Speech
The Cultural Framework Approach
4
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Operant Conditioning
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Reinforcement
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Reinforcer
Positive=AddPositive=Add
Negative=RemoveNegative=Remove
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Punishment
Negative=RemoveNegative=Remove
Positive=AddPositive=Add
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Bandura & Social Cognitive Learning
Observational Learning
Social Cognitive Learning
6
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A Bioecological Model
• Development depends on context
Our response causes a change in others
Their responses to us then change
This produces new changes in us
Reciprocal Interactions
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