chapter 2 the evolution of management thinking. studying management history helps your conceptual...
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Chapter 2The Evolution of Management Thinking
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2.1 Management Perspectives
over Time
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• Emerged during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries– Rise of the factory system– Issues regarding structure, training, and schedule
complex manufacturing operationsLarge, complex organizations required new approaches to coordination and control
• Three subfields: scientific management, bureaucratic organizations, and administrative principles
Classical Perspective
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• Improve efficiency and labor productivity through scientific methods
• Frederick Winslow Taylor proposed that workers “could be retooled like machines”
• Management decisions would be based on precise procedures based on study
• Henry Gantt developed the Gantt Chart to measure and plan work
• The Gilbreth’s pioneered time and motion studies to promote efficiency
1. Scientific Management
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2.2 Characteristics of Scientific Management
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• Max Weber, a German theorist, introduced the concepts
• Manage organized on an impersonal, rational basis
• Organization depends on rules and records
• Managers use power instead of personality to delegate
Although important productivity gains come from this foundation, bureaucracy
has taken on a negative tone
2.Bureaucratic Organizations
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2.3 Characteristics of Weberian Bureaucracy
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• Focused on the entire organization• Henri Fayol, a French mining engineer, was a major
contributor• Identified five functions of management: planning,
organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling• 14 general principles of management; many still used
today:– Unity of command-receive orders form one superior– Division of work– Unity of direction-group similar activities under one manager– Scalar chain
3.Administrative Principles
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• Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard• Understand human behaviors, needs, and
attitudes in the workplace• Importance of people rather than engineering
techniques: contrast to scientific management• Empowerment: facilitating instead of controlling• Recognition of the informal organization• Introduced acceptance theory of authority-
choice to choose to follow or otherwise
Humanistic Perspective: Early Advocates
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• Effective control comes from within the employee than authoritarian control
• Hawthorne studies were key contributor• Human relations key variable in increasing
performance• Employees performed better when managers
treated them positively
Humanistic Perspective: Human Relations Movement
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• From worker participation and considerate leadership to managing work performance
• Combine motivation with job design
• Maslow and McGregor extended and challenged current theories– Maslow’s Hierarchy– Theory X and Theory Y
Humanistic Perspective: Human Resources Perspective
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2.4 Theory X and Theory Y
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• Uses Scientific methods + sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics…etc to develop theories on behavior & interaction in organization
• Organizational Development – field that uses behavioral sciences to improve organization
• e.g. coping with change, improve internal r/ship, increase problem solving capabilities
Humanistic Perspective: Behavioral Sciences Approach
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• Also referred to as management science• Use of mathematics and statistics to aid
management decision making– Enhanced by development and growth of the
computer• Operations Management focuses on the physical
production of goods and services• Information technology focuses on technology
and software to aid managers
Quantitative Perspective
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• The ability to see the distinct elements of a situation as well as the complexities– The relationship among the parts form the whole
system• Subsystems are parts of the system that are all
interconnected• Synergy – the whole is greater than the sum of its
partsManagers must understand subsystem
interdependence and synergy
Recent Trends: Systems Thinking
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2.5 Systems Thinking and Circles of Causality
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• Every situation is unique, there is no universal management theory
• Managers must determine what method will work
• Managers must identify key contingencies for the current situation
• Organizational structure should depend upon industry and other variables
Recent Trends: Contingency View
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2.6 Contingency View of Management
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• Quality movement is strongly associated with Japan
• The US ignored the ideas of W. Edwards Deming, “Father of the Quality Movement”
• Total Quality Management (TQM) became popular in the 1980s and 90s
• Integrate high-quality values in every activity
Recent Trends: Total Quality Management
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Employee involvement
Focus on the customer
Benchmarking
Continuous improvement
Elements of Quality Management
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