1

Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life

Section 1 - Matter and Organic Compounds

2

What are we made of?

Cells

Cells are made of?

Matter - Anything takes up space, has mass

3

Elements vs Atoms

An atom is the smallest amount of an element

Gold is an ELEMENT

The least I could have is ONE ATOM of gold

4

Elements vs Atoms

An atom is the smallest amount of an element

Gold is an ELEMENT

The least I could have is ONE ATOM of gold

5

Elements cannot be broken down

92 natural Over 100 total

Element Song on iPad

6

Compound vs MoleculeIonic Covalent

7

1 If I took a copper coin and kept breaking it down until I had the smallest thing that makes up the coin what would I have?

A Atom

B Compound

C Ion

D Molecule

E Elements

8

2 Hydrogen likes to exist as two hydrogens bonded together. This is an example of a(n)

A Atom

B Compound

C Ion

D Molecule

E Element

9

Organic Compounds

Chemicals of living things

Contain Carbon

These chemicals are considered macromolecules because they are quite large

10

4 types of macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

11

Carbohydrates

Sugars

Store Energy Fruits, Vegetables, Grains

12

Carbohydrates made of repeating units called monosaccharides

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Provide Energy Fast

13

Polysaccharides

Chains of simple sugars

Used to store energy

Starch - Plants

Glycogen - Animals

14

Lipids

Oil and fat

Difference?

Make up cell membranes!

15

Saturated Fat vs Unsaturated Fat

straight

bent

- store closely together- animals use to store energy

solid

liquid

16

Types of Lipids

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Steroids

Energy!

17

Proteins

Made of chains of amino acids

We get our amino acids to make proteins from what we eat!

Vegetarians?

18

Protein Structure

19

Enzymes Antibodies

Muscle fiber

Why are Proteins important?

Maintains cell shape

Hormones Hemoglobin

LOTS of reasons!

20

Nucleic Acids

Made up of nucleotides

DNA (deoxyribenucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Stores genetic information

21

Building blocks of DNA

Nucleotides (4)

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

A & T C & GComplementary Base Pairing

22

A & T C & GComplementary Base Pairing

"Double Helix"

23

3 When you eat meat you are eating mostly what?

A Carbohydrates

B Proteins

C Lipids

D Nucleic Acids

24

4 The scientific name for fats is __________?

A Carbohydrates

B Proteins

C Lipids

D Nucleic Acids

25

5 When eating vegetables, fruits, and grains you are primarily eating __________.

A Carbohydrates

B Proteins

C Lipids

D Nucleic Acids

26

Section 2 - Biochemical Reactions

27

Chemical Reactions

Reactants are CHANGED into Products

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Na + Cl NaCl

All atoms (matter) are conserved!

28

Exothermic vs Endothermic Reactions

Exothermic releases heat

Endothermic absorbs heat (requires heat)

Means it would feel colder

29

Exothermic = catabolic in organisms

Endothermic = anabolic in organisms

break down molecules, release energy

build up molecules from smaller ones

Metabolism all reactions in your body

30

All reactions must be started

This requires energy

31

Enzymes lower activation energy required

32

How do enzymes work?

33

Enzymes are affected by:

temperature pH

34

Section 3 - Water, Acids, and Bases

35

Water is a very unique inorganic molecule

Polar - no overall charge, but charged "areas"

36

Water is an effective solvent.

The polar aspect of water pulls and hold onto ionic compounds

37

Water "sticks" to many surfaces

This is called adhesion

38

Capillarity - Water moves up small cylinders

Due to polarity water molecules stick to themselves (cohesion�

Called hydrogen bonding

39

Acids and Bases