chapter 2 the brain. 2 nervous systems central nervous system (cns)- made up of the nervous tissue...
TRANSCRIPT
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C H A P T E R 2
THE BRAIN
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2 NERVOUS SYSTEMS
• Central Nervous System (CNS)- Made up of the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord.
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Includes all nervous tissue in the periphery of the body.
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Nerves are unidirectional (only move one way).• 2 types of nerve fibers in the periphery:• Afferent- Nerves carry sensory info. from the environment in towards the CNS. (input)• Efferent- Nerves carry processed info. out from the CNS to the muscles. (output)
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DIVISIONS OF THE PNS
• 2 divisions of the PNS:• Autonomic nervous system (ANS)• Somatic nervous system (SNS) soma means
body
ANS- includes nerves that originate in the CNS and stop at the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscle tissue and glands. Runs on autopilot.SNS- Includes the afferent and efferent nerves that bring sensory info in and motor info out of the CNS
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
• Spinal Cord- Contains nerves that “short circuit” sensory info and motor info allowing rapid spinal reflexes.
•Most motor behavior involves the action of efferent nerves originating in the spinal cord
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CROSS SECTION OF THE SPINE
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SPINAL CORD
• White Matter- Fat coated nerve tissue. Helps neurons work better. Myelin wraps the neurons to protect them and make them work faster (like an insulator).
• Gray Matter- Nerve tissue found wrapped inside white matter. Not coated by myelin. More fragile and slow.
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GRAY MATTER
•Not as durable as white matter.• The color difference between white and gray matter has to do with the myelin making the white matter brighter.•Multiple Sclerosis- Immune system starts stripping away the white matter and destroying it.
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THE BRAIN
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BRAIN COMPARISONS
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BRAIN
•Aside from spinal reflexes, all behavior involves the brain.
•The brain has evolved through the process of Natural Selection.
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3 PARTS OF THE BRAIN
•The Hindbrain- The oldest part of the brain•The Midbrain•The Forebrain- The wrinkled part• Subcortical• Cortex
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THE HINDBRAIN
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THE HINDBRAIN
• Controls basic bodily functions that any living thing need to survive.• The oldest part of the brain.• 3 Major Parts:• Medulla Oblongata- blood circulation, breathing,
muscle tone, salivation, gagging, coughing, sneezing.• Pons- sleep and arousal, connects brainstem
and cerebellum.• Cerebellum- Coordinated movement and
balance.
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THE MIDBRAIN
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THE MIDBRAIN
• Home to the Superior and Inferior Colliculi• Superior- Helps you know where things are
located in space (vision).• Inferior- Processes spatial info for the auditory
system (hearing).Substantia nigra (black substance): Critical to control fine motor coordination.
- Destruction of black substance causes Parkinson’s Disease.
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THE MIDBRAIN
•Reticular Formation: Sleep and arousal, attention, muscle tone, movement.•Connected to the Pons.
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THE FOREBRAIN
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THE FOREBRAIN (WRINKLED PART)
• The newest evolutionary development and is most highly developed in primates (especially humans).
• Incredibly complex, it has many structures and interconnections and is the locus (center) of planning and decision-making.
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STRUCTURES OF THE FOREBRAIN
• Thalamus- Main pathway for sensory information.• Hypothalamus- Regulates biological drives
(i.e. Hunger)• Limbic system- Seat of emotionality (fear,
aggression)• Houses the hippocampus (memory
storage and retrieval)
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THE CORTEX (FOREBRAIN)
•Divided into 4 lobes• Occipital Lobe: Visual center (ocular)• Temporal Lobe: Sound center• Parietal Lobe: Body senses• Frontal Lobe: Motor skillsThe prefrontal lobe is the only part of the human brain that is different than other species. This is likely why that part set us off from other species.
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LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX