chapter 2 linux installation and usage. objectives install red hat fedora linux using good...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2Linux Installation and Usage
Objectives
Install Red Hat Fedora Linux using good practices
Outline the structure of the Linux interface
Enter basic shell commands and find command documentation
Properly shut down the Linux operating system
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 2
Installing Linux: Preparing for Installation All OSs require a minimum set of
hardware components to function properlyCan be obtained from manual or file in DVD
of OS, or from vendor website
Each individual hardware component should be checked against the Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) found on the vendor’s Web site
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 3
Installing Linux: Preparing for Installation (continued)
4Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e
Table 2-1 Fedora 13 hardware requirements
Installing Linux: Preparing for Installation (continued) Need to identify software that will be
used in the Linux operating systemComputer’s host nameNetwork configuration parametersSpecific software packages to be installed
Create preinstallation checklist to document hardware and software information
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 5
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 6
Table 2-2 Sample preinstallation checklist
Installing Linux: Installation Methods DVD media FTP server HTTP Web server NFS server SMB server Packages on hard disk CD-ROM media
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 7
Starting the Installation and Checking Media for Errors Boot from first Red Hat Fedora Linux DVD A Welcome screen is displayed, can select
option:Default graphical installationInstallation with basic video driverRescue installed itemsBoot from local driveMemory test
Check media for errors prior to installationOptional, but recommended
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 8
Starting the Installation and Checking Media for Errors (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 9
Figure 2-1: Beginning a Fedora installation
Starting the Installation and Checking Media for Errors (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 10
Figure 2-3: Testing DVD media
Choosing the Language, Keyboard, and Storage Type Allowed to choose installation language Choose keyboard configuration
Keyboard model and layout automatically detected
Select types of storage devices used to host the Linux OSFor internal or locally attached hard drive
installation, select Basic Storage DevicesFor installation on SAN or DASD, select
Specialized Storage Devices
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 11
Choosing the Language, Keyboard, and Storage Type (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 12
Figure 2-4: Selecting an installation language
Choosing the Language, Keyboard, and Storage Type (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 13
Figure 2-5: Verifying keyboard configuration
Selecting a Host Name, Time Zone, and Root Password Supply a host name that will identify system on
the networkBy default use localhost.localdomain
Important to select correct time zone for the local system
Authentication: Users log in via valid user name and password
Configure two user accountsAdministrator account (root): full rights to systemRegular user account
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 14
Selecting a Host Name, Time Zone, and Root Password (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 15
Figure 2-7: Selecting a host name
Selecting a Host Name, Time Zone, and Root Password (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 16
Figure 2-8: Selecting a time zone
Selecting a Host Name, Time Zone, and Root Password (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 17
Figure 2-9: Setting a root password
Configuring Storage Devices Most common storage devices for storing
Linux OS are hard disksParallel Advanced Technology Attachment
(PATA)Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
Each hard disk is divided into partitionsPartitions formatted with filesystemsMaximum four primary partitionsExtended partition can be divided into logical
drives
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 18
Configuring Storage Devices (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 19
Table 2-4: Example of a partitioning scheme for a primary master IDE hard disk
Configuring Storage Devices (continued) Filesystems can be accessed if attached
(mounted) to a directory Minimum of two partitions
Partition for root directoryPartition for virtual memory (swap memory)
○ Area on hard disk used to store information normally residing in physical memory (RAM)
Automatic or manual partitioningBetter to manually partition
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 20
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 21
Table 2-5: Common Linux filesystems and sizes
Configuring Storage Devices (continued) Different types of filesystems
Ext2: used on most Linux computersExt3, Ext4: performs journalingVfat: compatible with Windows’ FAT
filesystemREISER: performs journaling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparasons_of_file_systems
Journaling: keeps track of the information written to the hard drive
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 22
Configuring Storage Devices (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 23
Figure 2-10: Selecting a partition strategy
Configuring Storage Devices (continued) When creating a partition, specify the
partition technology For standard disk partitions need to provide
information regarding size, filesystem type, encryption options and mount point
Instead of standard partitions, can create volumes that span multiple disksLogical Volume Manager (LVM)Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 24
Configuring the Boot Loader Boot loader: program started by BIOS at
system startupLoads Linux kernel into memory from hard
diskCan also boot other existing OSs
GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB): boot loader configured during Fedora Linux installation
Dual booting: choose OS to boot at startup
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 25
Configuring the Boot Loader (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 26
Figure 2-14: Configuring a boot loader
Configuring the Boot Loader (continued) Boot loader usually resides on the MBR
or on first sector of / or /boot partition
Kernel parameters: information passed to Linux kernel via the boot loader
Large Block Addressing 32-bit (LBA32): enables Large Block Addressing in boot loaderFor large hard disks not fully supported by
the BIOS
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 27
Selecting and Installing Packages
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 28
Figure 2-15: Selecting system role and software repositories
Selecting and Installing Packages (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 29
Figure 2-16: Selecting individual packages
Completing the Firstboot Wizard Complete the installation
License agreementUser accounts and authenticationDate and time
○ Network Time Protocol (NTP)Confirmation of hardware to be used
Log in with user account for daily tasks Use Network Login: authenticate users
based on an external database
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 30
Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 31
Figure 2-18: Creating a regular user account
Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 32
Figure 2-19: Choosing authentication options
Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 33
Figure 2-20: Advanced authentication options
Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 34
Figure 2-21: Setting the date and time
Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 35
Figure 2-22: Viewing the hardware profile
Basic Linux Usage: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel Terminal: channel allowing users to log on
to the kernel locally or across a network Shell: user interface which accepts user
inputs and transfers them to the kernel BASH Shell (Bourne Again Shell): default
Linux shellCommand line shell
Linux allows multiple terminals, each with its own shell
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 36
Basic Linux Usage: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 37
Figure 2-23: Shells, terminals, and the kernel
Basic Linux Usage: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued) Graphical interface
Start GUI environment on top of BASH shellOr, switch to a graphical terminal
○ e.g., GNOME Display Manager (gdm) From the local server, use key combinations to
change to separate terminal Command-line terminal may be accessed from
GUI environment Command line prompt:
Root user: #Regular user: $
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 38
Basic Linux Usage: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 39
Table 2-6: Common Linux terminals
Basic Linux Usage: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 40
Figure 2-25: Accessing a command-line terminal in a GUI environment
Basic Shell Commands Commands: indicate name of program
to execute
Case sensitive Options: specific letters starting with “-”
appearing after command name Alter way command works
Arguments: specify a command’s specific working parameters
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 41
Basic Shell Commands (continued)
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 42
Table 2-7: Some common Linux commands
Shell Metacharacters
Metacharacters: characters with a special meaninge.g., $
○ Refers to a variableAvoid use of metacharacters when typing
commands unless using their special functionality
Single quotation marks ‘ ’ protect metacharacter from being interpreted specially by the shell
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 43
Shell Metacharacters (continued)
44Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e
Table 2-8: Common BASH Shell metacharacters
Getting Command Help
Manual (man) pages: most common form of documentation for Linux commandsAt command prompt, type “man” followed by
command nameContain different sectionsSearchable by keyword
Info pages: set of local, easy-to-read command syntax documentationAt command prompt, type “info” followed by a
command name
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 45
Getting Command Help (continued)
46Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e
Table 2-9: Manual page section numbers
Shutting Down the Linux System
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 47
Table 2-10: Commands to halt and reboot the Linux operating system
Summary
Prior to installationVerify hardware requirements using HCLCreate preinstallation checklist
DVD–based installationEasiestMost common
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 48
Summary (continued)
Installation prompts for language, host name, date, time zone, keyboard layout, user account configuration, storage configuration, boot loader configuration, and package selection
Users must log in to a terminal and receive a shell before they are able to interact with the Linux system and kernel
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 49
Summary (continued)
From any type of terminal you can enter commands, options, and arguments at a shell prompt to perform system tasks, obtain command help, or shut down the Linux system
The shell is case sensitive and understands a variety of special characters called shell metacharacters, which should be protected if their special meaning is not required
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e 50