chapter 2 introduction to systems /daisyworld. what is a system? definition: a system is a group of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 2
Introduction to Systems
/Daisyworld
![Page 2: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is a System?
• Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other
• Example: The climate system includes the atmosphere, oceans, polar caps, clouds, vegetation…and lots of other things
![Page 3: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
How do we study systems?
• Identify the components
• Determine the nature of the interactions between components
![Page 4: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Systems Notation
= system component
= positive coupling
= negative coupling
![Page 5: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Positive Coupling
AtmosphericCO2
Greenhouseeffect
• An increase in atmospheric CO2 causes a corresponding increase in the greenhouse effect, and thus in Earth’s surface temperature• Conversely, a decrease in atmospheric CO2
causes a decrease in the greenhouse effect
![Page 6: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Negative Coupling
Earth’s albedo(reflectivity)
Earth’ssurface
temperature
• An increase in Earth’s albedo causes a corresponding decrease in the Earth’s surface temperature by reflecting more sunlight back to space• Or, a decrease in albedo causes an increase in surface temperature
![Page 7: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The interesting thing to do is to putcouplings together in feedback loops…
![Page 8: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A Harmonious Family
childrens’noise
parents’ anger
![Page 9: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A Harmonious Family
childrens’noise
parents’ anger
negative coupling
positive coupling
![Page 10: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A Harmonious Family
childrens’noise
parents’ anger
A negative feedback loop:Stable system which resists change following a perturbation
positive coupling
negative coupling
streetnoise
![Page 11: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
NOT A Harmonious Family
childrens’noise
parents’ anger
A positive feedback loop:Unstable system which changes further following a perturbation
streetnoise
positive coupling
positive coupling
![Page 12: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Non-Harmonious Family
Two possible states following perturbation:
1) Complete silence
2) Infinite noise
Positive feedback loops are unstable or not homeostatic.
![Page 13: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Harmonious Family
Noise levels return to near starting conditions following perturbation.
Negative feedback loops are stable or homeostatic.
![Page 14: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
person A’sbodytemperature
person A’sblankettemperature
Negative Feedback Loops:Electric Blankets
person B’sblankettemperature
person B’sbodytemperature
![Page 15: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
person A’sbodytemperature
person A’sblankettemperature
A Positive Feedback Loop:Mixed-up Electric Blankets
person B’sblankettemperature
person B’sbodytemperature
![Page 16: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
A Positive Feedback Loop:Mixed-up Electric Blankets
Any perturbation will cause both people to adjust their blanket controls, but with undesired consequences.
Ultimately, one person will freeze (become infinitely cold) and the other person to swelter (become infinitely hot).
![Page 17: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Equilibrium State:
Conditions under which the system will remain indefinitely
--If left unperturbed
![Page 18: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
An Unstable Equilibrium State
![Page 19: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
An Unstable Equilibrium State
Perturbation
![Page 20: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
When pushed by a perturbation, an unstable equilibrium state shifts to a new, stable state.
![Page 21: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A Stable Equilibrium State
![Page 22: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A Stable Equilibrium State
Perturbation
![Page 23: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
When pushed by a perturbation, a stable equilibrium state, returns to (or near) the original state.
![Page 24: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Daisy World
![Page 25: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A simplified climate system: Daisy World
Average Temperature = 30 oC No clouds, no ocean Soil = light gray (absorbs some light) Life = white daisies (reflects all light) Sun = like Earth’s Daisy growth = changes with temperature
![Page 26: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
White Daisy Response to Increasing Solar Luminosity
The Earth System, Ch. 2
Relative solar luminosity
![Page 27: Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld. What is a System? Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56649ee15503460f94bf1b1d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• The rest of Chapter 2 will be done on the blackboard…