CHAPTER 2

Introduction to Manual Drawing

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Contents

• Drawing tools

• Drawing sheets and layout

• Lettering

• Lines

• Scale

• Abbreviations

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2.1 Drawing tools

• Tools and instruments that are used to produce technical drawing manually

• Some tools are essentials while others are optional

• Including:– The drawing board/table– Drawing instruments– Measuring instruments– The set squares– Pencils and erasers– Instruments to aid the drawing of curves

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2.1 Drawing tools

• These are used to place the paper for drawing

• The drawing table– Normally A0 or A1 size– Usually attached with Tee-

square

• The drawing board– Normally a flat wooden board

with Tee square– Size to suit the range of paper

sizes (A0-A3)– Drawing sheet is fixed to the

board using clips or tape

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2.1 Drawing tools

• Drawing instruments• Include instruments to draw circles• Compasses : friction-joint & spring

bow• Many sizes e.g.

– To draw small circles - up to 20mm radius

– To draw circles 5mm to 150mm radius

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2.1 Drawing tools

• Measuring instruments– E.g scale rule

• Set squares– Several types

• 60o,30o set square• 45o set square• adjustable set square

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2.1 Drawing tools

• Pencil and erasers– 18 degrees of hardness:

• from 9H – very hard• to 7B – very soft• normally it is recommended:

– 2H or H for construction, dimension, extension, leader, center lines

– HB or B for lettering, visible lines

• Instruments to aid drawing curves– French curves– Flexible curve

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2.2 Drawing layout

• Drawing sheets– Usually based on 'A' series

• Drawing sheets material - paper, linen, plastic film

• Drawing sheet layout– Sheet frames or border– Usually 20mm for A0 & A1,

10mm for others

• Title block or title frame– Represents general information

source for a drawing– Usually at bottom right-hand

corner

A1

A2

A3

A4

A4

A0 : 1189x841

A1 : 841 x 594

A2 : 594 x 420

A3 : 420 X 297

A4 : 297 X 210

All in mm

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2.2 Drawing layout

10m

m

10mm 10mm

Paper Size : A2 (594mm x 420mm)

regular paper size

drawing frame

UNIVERSTI TENAGA NASIONAL

TITLEALL DIMENSIONS IN mm

Border width : 10mm all round

NAME

150 150

30 45

10

Lettering height : 7mm

30

COURSE NO.

SID SECTION

SCALEDATE

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2.3 Lettering

• Text is an important part of a technical drawing. Not all info required on technical dwg can be communicate graphically such as dimensions.

• One method of creating text is by freehand lettering. The standard style for freehand lettering is single-stroke Gothic lettering.

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2.3 Lettering

• Characteristic of good lettering– Should be neat, not

sloppy– Should be uniform and

consistent i.e. same height, proportion & inclination – use guidelines

– Should have proper spacing of letters and words

– Should not contain unnecessary frills

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2.3 Lettering

• Characteristic of good lettering– Should use capital letters except for

standard abbreviation e.g. mm, kg– Recommended minimum height 2.5mm– Recommended height 5mm to 7mm– Underlining of lettering should be

avoided

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2.4 Lines

• Different line types for different purposes - to ensure drawing to be read quickly & accurately

• Types of lines and thickness of line• Commonly used line types & thickness:

Pencil

Description Usage Example

B/2B/0.5mm

Continuous thick

Drawing outlines & visible edges

 

Continuous thin

Hatching, dimension & projection lines

 

Continuous wavy thick

Limit of partial view

Dashed thin Hidden detail  

Long & short dash thin

Center lines  

2H/H/0.3mm

2H/H/0.3mm

2H/H/0.3mm

B/2B/0.5mm

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2.4 Lines

Standard line types used in technical drawing

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2.5 Scale

• What does it mean?• Scale used should always be stated on drawing –

important info that is usually written in the title block.• 'do not scale' / 'not to scale‘ / NTS – the drawing is

not drawn to a certain scale• Recommended scale

– 1:1 for full size– for greater than full size

• 2:1 for twice full size• 10:1 for ten times full size

– for reduced size• 1:2 for half full size• 1:10 for tenth full size

• other common scale - 1:5, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:500 etc.

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2.6 Abbreviations

Word/ phrase AbbreviationsAssembly ASSYCentre line CL orChamfer CHAMCountersink CSINKCounterbore CBOREMaterial MATLMaximum MAXMinimum MINNumber NOPitch CircleDiameter PCDRadius RAD or RRequired REQD

Word/ phrase AbbreviationsCylinder CYLDiameter DIA orExternal EXTFigure FIGHexagon HEXInternal INTSpecification SPECSquare SQStandard STDMAX MATLcondition MMCVolume VOLWeight WT

MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

End of Chapter 2End of Chapter 2

Thank YouThank You