chapter 2 indoor and outdoor air pollution

UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH

CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2INDOOR AND OUTDOOR

AIR POLLUTION

2

Upon completion of this course, student should be able to : Identify the origin of indoor and outdoor air pollution Explain the pollutants that contribute to indoor and

outdoor air pollution. Justify the sources of indoor and outdoor air

pollution Identify the passages of air pollutants to human and

environment. Explain indoor and outdoor pollution standard and

guidelines. Adapt the indoor and outdoor standard and

guidelines used in Malaysia and other countries. Analyze Air Pollution Index System in Malaysia.• Calculate the Air Pollution Index.

Air Quality Standards Achievement

Pre-Industrial Era

Early-Industrial Era

Early 20th Century

Late 20th Century

Eras of Air Pollution

Early 21st Century

Chemical Composition of Dry Air

OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION

Outdoor Air Pollution: History Not a “new” problem, but

scale has changed during industrial revolution.

London “smog” killed 2,000 in 1880, 1,000 in 1911 and between 4,000 and 12,000 in 1952

1948 Donora 6,000 sick 1963 NYC 300 killed 1970, ’77, ’90 CAA

Sources:

Forest fires-ash, particulates, carbon dioxide Volcanoes- ash, acid mist, hydrogen sulfide Decaying vegetation- sulfur cmpds Trees & bushes- Volatile Organic compounds

(VOC’s) give Blue Ridge Mtns. their blue hue Pollen Spores Viruses Bacteria Dust- from storms in arid regions Gut bacteria- methane gas

Natural Sources

Primary PollutantsPrimary Pollutants

Secondary PollutantsSecondary Pollutants

SourcesSourcesNaturalNatural StationaryStationary

COCO COCO22

SOSO22 NONO NONO22

Most hydrocarbonsMost hydrocarbonsMost suspendedMost suspended

particlesparticles

SOSO33

HNOHNO33 HH22SOSO44

HH22OO22 OO33 PANsPANsMostMost andand saltssaltsNONO33––

MobileMobile

SOSO4422––

Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants Primary- put directly

into air from polluting source.

Secondary- when primary combines with other substances in air and creates something more hazardous (acid rain, smog)

Sun often provides energy for these reactions.

Major Sources of Primary PollutantsStationary Sources Combustion of fuels for power and heat –

Power Plants Other burning such as wood & crop burning

or forest fires Industrial/ commercial processes Solvents and aerosolsMobile Sources Highway: cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles Off-highway: aircraft, boats, locomotives,

farm equipment, RVs, construction machinery, and lawn mowers

Outdoor Air PollutionSources:

Mobile or Stationary

Most urban area pollution source is burning fossil fuels.

Criteria Air Pollutants

EPA uses six "criteria pollutants" as indicators of air quality1. Sulfur Dioxide: SO2

2. Nitrogen Dioxide: NO2

3. Carbon monoxide: CO4. Lead: Pb5. Particulate Matter: PM10 (PM 2.5) 6. Ozone: ground level O3

Outdoor Air Pollution Carbon Monoxide: colorless, odorless, deadly gas

Sources: motor vehicles, cigarettesImpacts: reduces ability of blood to carry oxygen

Nitrogen Dioxide: reddish-brown chemical found in smogSources: burning fossil fuels and industrial processesImpacts: lung irritation, aggravates asthma, reduces visibility,

Outdoor Air PollutionSulfur Dioxide: colorless gas, major source of

acid depositionSources: coal burning power plantsImpacts: acid deposition, breathing problems, property damage, soil, aquatic life damage

Particulate Matter: particles in the air, range from small to largeSources: burning fossil fuels (diesel), agriculture, fires, unpaved roadsImpacts: lung damage, asthma, reduced life

Categorized by source:

Primary particles – natural and human activities (soil and dust, sea salt, construction, fossil fuel)

Secondary particles - conversion of SOx, NOx, ammonia and organic compounds in atmospheric chemical reactions to sulfates, nitrates and ammonium compounds, and non-volatile organics

Standard/guidelines Agency Averaging times

PM10 (g/m3) PM2.5 (g/m3)

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) [1] US EPA

24-hour 150 35

Annual - 15

Revised Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) [2] WHO

24-hour 50 25

Annual 20 10

Recommended Malaysia Ambient Air Quality

Guidelines 1989 (RMAAQG)[3]

Department of Environment (DOE),

Malaysia

24-hour 150 -

Annual 50 -

National Environment Agency (NEA), Singapore24-hour 150 35Annual 50 15

Ambient Air StandardPollution Control

Department (PCD), Thailand

24-hour 120 50

Annual 50 25

1. US EPA. 2010, National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html 2. Krzyzanowski, M. and Cohen, A., Update of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2008, pp. 7-13.

DOI: 10.1007/s11869-008-0008-93. Department of Environment, Malaysia, Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2006. Publication Section, Strategic Communications Division

Department of Environment, Malaysia, 2007

Outdoor Air Pollution

Ozone: highly reactive gas with an unpleasant odor, commonly known as smog in troposphere “Bad Ozone”Sources: chemical reaction with VOCs and NOx from cars.Impacts: breathing problems, eyes, nose , mouth irritation, lung disease, crop damage, visability.

Lead: solid metal and compounds emitted as PMSources: paint, smelters, battery storage, leaded gasImpacts: neurological problems, carcinogen

Other Air Pollutants Carbon dioxide- natural source from Carbon dioxide- natural source from

photosynthesis & respiration; human caused from photosynthesis & respiration; human caused from fossil fuels & deforestationfossil fuels & deforestation

CChlorohloroFFluoroluoroCCarbons (CFC’s)- from refrigerants, arbons (CFC’s)- from refrigerants, aerosols, Styrofoamaerosols, Styrofoam

Formaldehyde- building materials & household Formaldehyde- building materials & household productsproducts

Benzene- paintBenzene- paint Asbestos- car brakes, building materialsAsbestos- car brakes, building materials Dioxins- pesticidesDioxins- pesticides Cadmium- smelting, batteries, plastics industryCadmium- smelting, batteries, plastics industry

Formation & Intensity of Pollutant is influenced by…

Local climate (inversions, air pressure, temperature, Local climate (inversions, air pressure, temperature, humidity)humidity)

Topography (hills and mountains)Topography (hills and mountains) Population densityPopulation density Amount of industryAmount of industry Fuels used by population and industry for heating, Fuels used by population and industry for heating,

manufacturing, transportation, powermanufacturing, transportation, power Weather: rain, snow,windWeather: rain, snow,wind Buildings (slow wind speed)Buildings (slow wind speed) Mass transit usedMass transit used

What is photochemical smog?

Secondary PollutantVOCs + NOx + heat + Sunlight = Ground Level

Ozone (O3)Complex series of chemical reactions

SMOG (smoke + fog)

What is photochemical smog?All modern cities have

smog, but it is more common in hot, sunny, warm climates with a lot of motor vehicle traffic.

What time of year do you think it is most common?

Los Angeles Denver Mexico City Houston Beijing China

What is photochemical smog?Industrial Smog: a

mixture of SO2, droplets of sulfuric acid and suspended PM from burning coal and oil.

More of a problem today in developing counties.

Coal burning HUGE issue.

Health Impacts of Smog

Smog Impacts: Breathing Problems Coughing, Eye Irritation Aggravates asthma,

heart problems Speeds up aging of

lung tissue Damage plants Reduce Visibility

Factors Influencing Smog Formation

Smog Levels Are Influenced By:

Local climate Topography Population Density Amount of industry Transportation

Factors Influencing Smog FormationNatural Factors Can

Reduce Smog:1) Rain or snow can

“wash” air2) Salty Sea Spray can

also “wash” air3) Winds can push

pollutants elsewhere

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

Indoor Air PollutionFig. 20-13 p.450

What are some sources of indoor air pollution?1. Cigarette smoke

Deadliest indoor air pollutant

Contain formaldehyde, carbon monoxide

Causes lung cancer, emphysema

Second hand smoke may be worse due to particulates that come from tip.

What are some sources of indoor air pollution?

2. Mold Moisture in

vents, carpets Allergy

symptoms, breathing problems, headache, fatigue


3. Carbon monoxide Malfunctioning

furnace, gas appliances, cars

Blood cannot carry oxygen

Feel sleepy, nausea, dizzy, cause death.

What are some sources of indoor air pollution?4. Radon

Colorless, odorless, radioactive gas

Comes from soil under basements

Long term exposure can cause lung cancer

Fix cracks in floor or walls to prevent influx of radon

Install ventilation fan in basement to blow radon out.Zone 1 (purple) high levels of radon

Zone 3 (yellow) low levels of radon

Radon Radioactive radon-

222 Lung cancer threat

Occurs in certain areas based on geology

Associated with uranium and organic material in rock

Fig. 20-14 p. 451

What are some sources of indoor air pollution?5. Asbestos

Roofing, flooring, insulation, brakes

OK… unless disturbed or deteriorates

Can cause asbestosis (scarring of lungs) and mesothelioma (type of lung cancer)

Plaque build up (scarring) in lung w/asbestosis

What are some sources of indoor air pollution?6. Lead

Old homes, toys, lead crystal dishes

Causes behavior & learning problems, slow growth, hearing problems, headaches


7. Formaldehyde Pressed wood,

paneling, particle board, glue, deodorizers

Respiratory irritation, fatigue, skin rash, known to cause cancer


8. VOC’s Paradichlorobenzene-

mothballs, insecticides PERC- dry cleaned

clothes Benzene- paints,

cigarettes Causes respiratory

problems, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, organ damage, cancer

Standard and Guidelines Indoor Air Quality

Sources involved in IAQ problems

Problem Origin Percent Typical Sources

Inadequate Building Ventilation Systems 53%

Lack of outside air, poor air distribution, uncomfortable temperature and humidity, contaminant sources inside the system

Contaminants Originating Inside Building 15% Solvent vapors, dusts, formaldehyde,

building materials, furnishings

Building Products 4% Concrete, wood, furnishings.

Unknown Causes 13% Unidentified sources

Outdoor Contaminants Entering Building 10% Motor vehicle exhaust, pollen, fungi,

smoke, construction

Microbiological Agents 5% Bioaerosols, Legionella

Evaluations by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for studies on more than 500 Indoor Air quality health hazard cases

Reasons of IAQ Problems based on NIOSH study

Inadequate Ventilation

53%

Bioaerosols5%

Outside Contamination

10%

Building products

4%

Unknown causes

13%

Inside contamination

15%

POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION REMARKS

• Asbestos • 40 CFR• 0.2-2

fibers/cucm

• EPA• OSHA Standard (8hr

TWA)

• Carbon Dioxide

• 1000 ppm • 5000 ppm

• ASHRAE Standard • Ministry of Labor

Standard(TWAEV)

• Carbon Monoxide

• 9 ppm • 50 ppm • 9 ppm • 35 ppm

• EPA• OSHA Standard for 1hr• ASHRAE-Average over 8

hr• NIOSH standard for 1hr

Guidelines for IAQ pollutants


• Formaldehyde • 0.4 ppm • 0.75 ppm

• ASHRAE Standard • OSHA (8 hr TWA)

• Nitrogen Dioxide

• 5 ppm• 3 ppm

• 0.053 ppm

• OSHA• Ministry of Labor Standard

(TWAEV) • Annual National Ambient Air

Quality Standard (USA)

• Ozone • 0.05 ppm• 0.1ppm• 0.08 ppm

• WHO• OSHA (8hr TWA)• WHO-Criteria Document

• Particulates • 260 µg/cum

• 150 µg/cum

• National Ambient Air quality Standard-24 hr geometric mean

• EPA, 24 hr annual geometric mean

Guidelines (contd.)


• Radon • 4 picoCuries/L • 4 WML radon

progeny calendar year

• ASHRAE Standard • Mine Safety and Health

Administration

• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

• 1-5 mg/cum

• 3 mg/cum

• US Environmental Protection Agency Guidelines

• Molhave, 1990

• Microbial fungi

• <50 CFU/cum • <150 CFU/cum • <500 CFU/cum

• 2 Species • 3 Species • Agriculture Canada Standard

Guidelines (contd.)

Strategies to improve Indoor Air Quality

Pollutant Source Control

Increased Ventilation

Dehumidification

Use of Air Cleaners Dust collectorsFilters

Standard and Guidelines Outdoor Air Quality

Environmental Quality Act , 1974Laws OF Malaysia

Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation 1978

Environmental Quality (Control of Emission From Motorcycles) Regulations 1978

Environmental Quality (Control of Emission From Diesel Engines) Regulations 1996

Environmental Quality (Control of Emission From Petrol Engines) Regulations 1996

Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Open Burning) Order 2000

Environmental Quality (Dioxin and Furan) Regulations 2004

Air quality assessment

The assessment of air quality is usually based on monitoring data. Regular, continuous measurement are mandatory in most countries for ambient air quality

1955 Air Pollution Control Act1963 Clean Air Act of 19631967 The Air Quality Act of 1967 (Precursor to the 1970

Clean Air Act)1970 A turning point…

• National Environmental Policy Act (January 1) • First Earth Day (April 22) • Formation of Environmental Protection Agency

(July 9) • Clean Air Act of 1970

– National Air Quality Standards1987 Standards strengthened for particulate matter

(PM10)1990 Clean Air Act of 19902002 New PM standards (PM2.5)

History of Air Pollution: Regulations (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA))

Comparison of Indoor with Outdoor Standards

Table 9.4

Indoor 8-h OutdoorPEL and Outdoor CaliforniaTWA-TLV NAAQS Standard

Gas (ppmv) (ppmv) (ppmv)

Carbon monoxide 35 9.5 (8-h) 9 (8-h)

Nitrogen dioxide 1 (15-m) 0.053 (annual) 0.25 (1-h)

Ozone 0.1 0.08 (8-h) 0.09 (1-h)

Outdoor standards tougher to protect entire population. Outdoor standards for NO2(g) tougher since ozone forms outdoors, but not indoors, from NO2(g).

Air Quality IndexLevels of Health

ConcernNumerica

lValue

Meaning

Good 0-50Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.

Moderate 51-100Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.

Unhealthy for sensitive groups 101-150

Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is not likely to be affected.

Unhealthy 151-200Everyone may begin to experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects.

Very Unhealthy 201-300 Health alert: everyone may experience more serious health effects.

Hazardous >300 Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.

Air Pollutant Index ( Station)

Nota / Note * = Habuk Halus (PM10) c = Ozon (O3) a = Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) d = Karbon Monoksida (CO) b = Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) & = Lebih daripada satu pencemar .

Pengiraan IPU Nilai IPU dikira berdasarkan kepekatan purata setiap pencemar udara iaitu SO2, NO2, CO, O3 dan PM10. Pencemar udara yang dominan dengan kepekatan tertinggi diambilkira sebagai pencemar yang akan menentukan nilai IPU. Pada lazimnya, kepekatan habuk halus (PM10) adalah yang tertinggi berbanding dengan pencemar yang lain dan ini menentukan bacaan IPU.

QUIZWhat are the major types and sources of air pollution?

What are primary and secondary pollutants? Mobile and Stationary sources?

What is the history of air pollution?Should carbon dioxide be classified as an air pollutant?

QUIZWhat is photochemical smog? How does smog form? How big of a problem is it?

How is the smog problems different in developing and developed countries?

What factor influence the formation of smog? What are temperature inversions?

Take away assignment In a group of 8 students, you are require to prepare

a slide of disaster/accident/incident that are related with air pollution.

Eg: Bhopal/London smog/Malaysia haze/smog in cairo Use prezi@sparkol@video scribe only. (google) Submit before 14th jan 2016 Soft copy only. More picture entitle you to gain more marks. Use your creativity to discover the world. Good luck.

Current and Historical Air Quality

http://airnow.gov/U.S. Government Web Site With Up To Minute Air

Quality Data From Monitors Across the countryhttp://www.epa.gov/air/data/geosel.html

U.S. EPA Air Quality Data: Tons of data regarding air quality across the U.S.

http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/EPA report on air trends in U.S.