chapter 2 foundations of government

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON11

CIVICSCIVICS IN PRACTICEIN PRACTICEHOLTHOLT

Chapter 2Chapter 2Foundations of GovernmentFoundations of Government

Section 1:Section 1: Why Americans Have GovernmentsSection 2:Section 2: The First GovernmentSection 3:Section 3: A New Constitution



Section 1:Section 1: Why Americans Have GovernmentsWhy Americans Have Governments

The Main IdeaGovernment plays an essential role in every country. A

country’s government affects the lives of its people. Often, it affects people around the world.

Reading Focus What are two main types of government? What are the purposes of government? How does the U.S. government guarantee freedom to

its citizens?



A. Two types of governmentsA. Two types of governments

1. Non-democratic1. Non-democratica. Monarchiesa. Monarchies

i. Monarchies todayi. Monarchies todayb. Dictatorsb. Dictators

i. Forcei. Forceii. Oligarchyii. Oligarchyiii. Totalitarian iii. Totalitarian





1. Non-democratic1. Non-democraticc. Theocracyc. Theocracy

i. Rulei. Rule





2. Democratic2. Democratica. Democracya. Democracy

i. Direct democracy i. Direct democracy ii. Representative democracyii. Representative democracyiii. Republiciii. Republic




B. Purpose of GovernmentB. Purpose of Government

1. Helping people1. Helping people2. Provide services2. Provide services3. Provide laws3. Provide laws



C. Guaranteeing FreedomC. Guaranteeing Freedom

1. Structure1. Structure2. Beliefs2. Beliefs3. Guarantees3. Guarantees4. Rights4. Rights



Types of Governments Characteristics of Governments

Democracy People rule directly or indirectly

Monarchy Ruled by a king or queen

DictatorshipA person or small group has absolute power and does not answer to the people.

Absolute Monarchs have total control.

DirectRepresentative

All voters make decisions together.People elect representatives.




The Main IdeaThe American ideals that people should rule themselves and that

government should protect human rights are clearly set forth in the Declaration of Independence.

Reading Focus Why is the Declaration of Independence so important? What were the Articles of Confederation, and what were their

weaknesses? What was the effect of a weak national government on the

United States?

Section 2:Section 2: The First U.S. GovernmentThe First U.S. Government



A. Events Towards IndependenceA. Events Towards Independence

1. No Representation 1. No Representation 2. 1765 Stamp Act2. 1765 Stamp Act

a. “No taxation without representation”a. “No taxation without representation”b. Repealedb. Repealed

3. 1774 Continental Congress3. 1774 Continental Congress




A. Events Towards IndependenceA. Events Towards Independence

4. King George III sends troops4. King George III sends troopsa. Patrick Henry’s responsea. Patrick Henry’s response

5. April 1775—Lexington and Concord5. April 1775—Lexington and Concord




B. 1776—Declaration of IndependenceB. 1776—Declaration of Independence

1. Representatives from 13 colonies meet1. Representatives from 13 colonies meet2. Committee members2. Committee members3. Approved 3. Approved




B. 1776—Declaration of IndependenceB. 1776—Declaration of Independence4. Declaration and human rights4. Declaration and human rightsa. Statement of grievancesa. Statement of grievancesb. Consent of the governedb. Consent of the governedc. Human rightsc. Human rightsd. “We hold these truths…”d. “We hold these truths…”5. Ideals of American government5. Ideals of American governmenta. Equal rights a. Equal rights




C. Articles of the Confederation:C. Articles of the Confederation:

1. Adopted in 17771. Adopted in 17772. Approved in 17812. Approved in 17813. Association of separate groups3. Association of separate groupsa. “Firm league of friendship”a. “Firm league of friendship”b. Equal but separateb. Equal but separate4. Limited national government4. Limited national government5. Congress—Legislative5. Congress—Legislativea. Elected by state legislaturesa. Elected by state legislaturesb. Each state given one voteb. Each state given one vote6. Preserved state sovereignty 6. Preserved state sovereignty




D. The Need for a ChangeD. The Need for a Change1. Weak central government1. Weak central government2. States coin own money2. States coin own money3. Disputes with boundaries3. Disputes with boundaries4. Trade4. Trade5. Tax and debt5. Tax and debt6. Decision making6. Decision making




D. The Need for a ChangeD. The Need for a Change7. Army7. Army8. Executive branch8. Executive branch9. Laws9. Laws10. States’ vote10. States’ vote11. Weak internationally11. Weak internationally12. Need to strengthen national government12. Need to strengthen national governmenta. Shay’s Rebelliona. Shay’s Rebellion





WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

difficult to change Articles because unanimous vote was

needed

no means to regulate

trade with foreign

countries

no execu-tive branch to enforce

laws

difficult to pass laws because

9 out of 13 states’ approval

was needed

no judicial branch to interpret

laws

lacked power to collect taxes



The Main IdeaThe framers of the U.S. Constitution drew upon a history of

democratic ideals while developing a document that would establish a new, stronger federal government.

Reading Focus What historical principles of government influenced the

delegates to the Constitutional Convention? How did the U.S. government become stronger under the

Constitution? How did the viewpoints of Federalists and Antifederalists

differ, and how were these differences resolved?

Section 3:Section 3: A New ConstitutionA New Constitution



A. Constitutional ConventionA. Constitutional Convention

1. Need for a stronger central government1. Need for a stronger central government2. May 1787 in Philadelphia2. May 1787 in Philadelphia




B. Convention and HistoryB. Convention and History

1. World’s oldest document1. World’s oldest document2. Influenced by historical democratic documents2. Influenced by historical democratic documents




C. British Historical DocumentsC. British Historical Documents

1. Magna Carta1. Magna Carta2. English Bill of Rights2. English Bill of Rights3. British Parliament3. British Parliament




D. Other InfluencesD. Other Influences

1. Mayflower Compact1. Mayflower Compact2. Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau2. Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau3. Virginia statutes 3. Virginia statutes




E. Need for Secrecy E. Need for Secrecy

1. James Madison1. James Madison




F. Writing the ConstitutionF. Writing the Constitution

1. Compromise—issues 1. Compromise—issues 2. Federalism2. Federalism

a. Federalistsa. Federalistsb. Anti-Federalistsb. Anti-Federalists




F. Writing the ConstitutionF. Writing the Constitution

3. Representation3. Representationa. Virginia Plana. Virginia Planb. New Jersey Planb. New Jersey Planc. Connecticut Compromise (aka Great c. Connecticut Compromise (aka Great

Compromise)Compromise)4. Individual Rights4. Individual Rights

a. Bill of Rightsa. Bill of Rights




G. Constitution is CompletedG. Constitution is Completed

1. September 17871. September 17872. Ben Franklin2. Ben Franklin





A STRONGER U.S. GOVERNMENT

Powers Dealing with LawsPowers of the National GovernmentPrint moneyRaise armed forcesRegulate tradeSet taxes

Provide a president to carry out the country’s laws

Establish the Supreme Court and other national courts to interpret laws



1. What are two of the major factors that shape a country’s government?

2. How are a democracy and other types of governments different?

3. What were the key purposes of the Declaration of Independence?

4. What were some of the problems the country faced after independence was declared?

5. In what ways did the colonists’ English political heritage influence American ideas about government and individual rights?

6. What was the outcome of the Constitutional Convention?7. What were the arguments of the Federalists and

Antifederalists?

Chapter 2 Wrap-Up