chapter 2 characteristics of culture. chapter preview what is culture? why do cultures exist?...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2
Characteristics of Culture
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Chapter Preview
• What Is Culture?• Why Do Cultures Exist?• Ethnocentrism: Are Some Cultures Better
Than Others?
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What Is Culture?
• Culture consists of abstract ideas, values, and perceptions of the world that inform and are reflected in people’s behavior.
• Culture is shared by members of a society and produces behavior that is intelligible to other members of that society.
• Cultures are learned rather than inherited and the different parts of a culture function as an integrated whole.
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Why Do Cultures Exist?
• Cultures provide a design for thought and action that help people survive the challenges of existence.
• A culture must satisfy the basic needs of those who live by its rules, and provide an orderly existence for the members of a society.
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Ethnocentrism: Are Some Cultures Better Than Others?
• The human perspective is typically “ethnocentric”—believing that the ways of one’s own culture are the only proper ones.
• Crossing cultural boundaries, we discover that people in our own society are not unique in being ethnocentric.
• Anthropologists strive to understand each culture in its own right.
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Culture
• The values, beliefs, and perceptions of the world shared by members of a society, that they use to interpret experience and generate behavior, and that are reflected in their behavior.
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Characteristics Of Culture
• Culture is shared.• Culture is learned.• Culture is based on symbols.• Culture is integrated.• Culture is dynamic.
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Culture Is Learned
• All culture is learned rather than biologically inherited.
• The process of transmitting culture from one generation to the next is called enculturation.
• Through enculturation individuals learn the socially appropriate way to satisfy biologically determined needs.
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Visual Counterpoint
• Here a North American mother introduces her child to the computer, and a Maya Indian mother in Guatemala shows her daughter how to handle a machete.
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Culture Is Shared
• Culture cannot exist without society.• There are no known human societies that do
not exhibit culture.• All is not uniform within a culture; There is
some difference between men’s and women’s roles in any human society.
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Culture and Gender
• Significant numbers of infants are born each year whose genitalia do not conform to cultural expectations.
• Because only two genders are recognized, the usual reaction is gender assignment surgery to construct male or female genitalia.
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Society
• A group of interdependent people who share a common culture.
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Subculture
• A distinctive set of standards and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates.
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Subculture: Amish
• By maintaining schools to instill Amish values in their children, prohibiting mechanized vehicles and equipment, and dressing in plain clothing, the Amish proclaim their own special identity.
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Ethnic Groups of the Russian Federation
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Ethnic Group
• People who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based on various cultural features such as shared ancestry and common origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs.
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Question
• The Amish may be used as an example of a/an
A. pluralistic society.
B. subculture.
C. integrated culture.
D. world culture.
E. complex society.
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Answer: B
• The Amish may be used as an example of a subculture.
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Culture Is Based on Symbols
• Symbols are signs, emblems, and other things that represent something else in a meaningful way.
• Culture is transmitted through ideas, emotions, and desires expressed in language.
• Through language, humans transmit culture from one generation to another.
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Monday September 16, 2013• Objective: SWBAT understand the
characteristics of Culture/• Drill: Why do people think their culture is
better than other peoples?• Homework: Read the article and write a
response, is Rodman doing the right thing by befriending Kim Jong Un
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Culture Is Integrated
• All aspects of a culture function as an integrated whole.
• A change in one part of a culture usually will affect other parts.
• A degree of harmony is necessary in any properly functioning culture, but complete harmony is not required.
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The Barrel Model of Culture
• Every culture is an integrated system.
• There are functional relationships among the economic base (infrastructure), the social organization (social structure), and the ideology (superstructure).
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Social Structure
• The rule-governed relationships of individuals and groups within a society that hold it together.
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Infrastructure
• The economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices, and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living.
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Superstructure
• A society’s shared sense of identity and worldview.
• The collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which a group of people makes sense of the world—its shape, challenges, and opportunities—and their place in it.
• This includes religion and national ideology.
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Culture is Dynamic
• Cultures are dynamic systems that respond to motions and actions within and around them.
• When one element within the system shifts or changes, the entire system strives to adjust, just as it does when an outside force applies pressure.
• A culture must be flexible enough to allow such adjustments in the face of unstable or changing circumstances.
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Culture and Adaptation
• In the United States, the principal source of fruits, vegetables, and fiber is the Central Valley of California, where irrigation works have made the desert bloom.
• As in Mesopotamia, evaporation concentrates salts in the water, but here pollution is made worse by fertilizers that accumulate in the soil and threaten to make the valley a wasteland.
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Question
• Which of the following statements about society and culture is not correct?
A. Culture can exist without a society.
B. A society can exist without culture.
C. Ants and bees have societies but no culture.
D. A culture is shared by the members of a society.
E. Although members of a society may share a culture, their behavior is not uniform.
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Answer: A
• The following statements about society and culture is not correct: – Culture can exist without a society.
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Describing a Culture Without Bias
Anthropologists must:
1. Examine people’s notion of the way their society ought to function.
2. Determine how people think they behave.
3. Compare these with how people actually do behave.
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Functions of Culture
• Provide for the production and distribution of goods and services necessary for life.
• Provide for biological continuity through the reproduction of its members.
• Enculturate new members so that they can become functioning adults.
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Functions of Culture
• Maintain order among members, as well as between them and outsiders.
• Motivate members to survive and engage in those activities necessary for survival.
• Be able to change to remain adaptive under changed conditions.
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Why Cultures Change
• Environment they must cope with has changed.
• Intrusion of outsiders.• Values have changed.
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Culture and Change
• Pastoralists herd grazing animals, moving across vast territories in search of food often crossing unmarked international borders.
• No longer able to range through their traditional territories due to government restrictions on land use, these African herders and their cattle are hit hard when droughts occur.
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Scapegoating
• Some people whose needs are not readily met by society direct their frustrations against scapegoats, usually minorities.
• In Australia, Europe, and North America, such resentment fueled the rise of “skinheads” who express their hatred with Nazi symbols such as swastikas.
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Ethnocentrism
• The belief that the ways of one’s own culture are the only proper ones.
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Ethnocentrism
• Japanese traditionally referred to their own people as a “divine nation,” governed by the emperor who was revered as a god.
• A revival of Japanese nationalism is expressed by the restoration of controversial symbols in public places.
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Wednesday September 18, 2013
• Objective: SWBAT understand the role that culture plays in crime.
• Drill: What breeds crime in a culture? Why do some cultures have more crime than others?
• Homework: Finish reflection if not done in class. Quiz on first two chapters Friday
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Cultural Relativism
• The thesis that one must suspend judgment on other peoples’ practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms.
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Ethnocentrism
• Watch Inside North Korea and answer the questions.
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Question
• _____________ is the notion that one's culture better and more proper than other cultures.
A. Ethnocentrism
B. Cultural relativism
C. Cultural materialism
D. Adaptation
E. Pluralism
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Answer: A
• Ethnocentrism is the notion that one's culture better and more proper than other cultures.
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Evaluating a Culture
Cultures can be evaluated according to: • Nutritional status• Physical and mental health of population• Incidence of violence, crime and delinquency• Demographic structure• Stability and tranquility of domestic life
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Culture and Crime
• A sign that a culture is not satisfying a people’s needs and expectations is a high incidence of crime and delinquency.
• 25% of all imprisoned people in the world are incarcerated in the U.S.
• In the past ten years the country’s jail and prison population jumped from 1.6 to 2.2 million.
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Deviance vs. Criminal• What is the difference between deviant
behavior and criminal behavior?• Deviance: An act that departs from
established norms. Examples of deviance range from littering, being loud and disruptive on the streets to rape, robbery and murder.
• Crime: An act punishable by law. A crime can be defined as the omission of a duty (ex. Not paying taxes) or the commission of an act (ex. Perjury) forbidden by a public law and punishable upon conviction by imprisonment, fine and or removal of office. In capital offenses, death may be a penalty. A crime may also involve violation of a public trust.
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Youth and Crime• Read the article and answer the following in
journal response form:– What does the author attribute the rise in
juvenile crime to? Do you agree or disagree? Explain.
– Do you think juvenile crime is more of a problem in the US or in the UK (where the article is about)? Why?
– Do you feel there is anyway to reverse the course of action we are on, or is crime going to continue to get worse? How?