chapter 19 protists
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Chapter 19 Protists. Section 1: Introduction to Protists. Section 2: Protozoans—Animal-like Protists. Section 3: Algae—Plantlike Protists. Section 4: Funguslike Protists. Protists. Chapter 19. 19.1 Introduction to Protists. Protists. All protists are eukaryotes. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 19 Protists
Section 1: Introduction to Protists
Section 2: Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Section 3: Algae—Plantlike Protists
Section 4: Funguslike Protists
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Protists
All protists are eukaryotes.
19.1 Introduction to Protists
Protists
Some reproduce asexually by mitosis while others exchange genetic material during meiosis.
Chapter 19
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Classifying Protists
Some scientists classify protists by their methods of obtaining nutrition.
Protists
Animal-like protists
Plantlike protists
Funguslike protists
19.1 Introduction to Protists
Chapter 19
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Animal-like Protists
Protozoans are heterotrophs and usually ingest bacteria, algae, or other protozoans.
Protists
19.1 Introduction to Protists
Chapter 19
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Plantlike Protists - Algae
Protists
Plantlike protists make their own food through photosynthesis.
Single & multicellular
19.1 Introduction to Protists
Chapter 19
Macro algae are classified by their color resulting from the photosynthetic pigments they produce.
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Funguslike Protists
Protists
Funguslike protists absorb their nutrients from other organisms.
19.1 Introduction to Protists
Chapter 19
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ProtistsChapter 19
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Ciliophora - Ciliates
Biologists further classify protozoans by their method of movement.
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Protists
Members of the phylum Ciliophora are animal-like protists that have numerous short, hairlike projections.
There are over 7000 species of ciliates.
Chapter 19
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Paramecia
A unicellular ciliate protozoan
Protists
Enclosed by a layer of membrane called a pellicle.
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Paramecia
Chapter 19
Contain some of the advanced organelles amongst protists.
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Cilia
Protists
Cilia on the paramecium are used for moving and feeding.
Contractile Vacuoles
The contractile vacuoles collect the excess water from the cytoplasm and expel it from the cell.
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Sarcodina
Animal-like protists that use pseudopods for feeding and locomotion
The most commonly studied sarcodines are found in the genus Amoeba.
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Chemical stimuli from smaller organisms can cause the amoeba to form pseudopods from their plasma membrane.
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Amoebas are enveloped in an outer cell membrane and an inner thickened cytoplasm called ectoplasm.
The cytoplasm contains a nucleus, food vacuoles, and occasionally a contractile vacuole.
Waste products and undigested food particles are excreted by diffusion through the outer membranes into surrounding water.
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Amoebas reproduce by asexual reproduction.
During harsh environmental conditions, some amoebas become cysts that help them survive until environmental conditions improve and survival is more likely.
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Apicomplexa - sporozoans
Animal-like protists that belong to the phylum Apicomplexa also are known as sporozoans.
All sporozoans are parasitic.
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
The life cycle of sporozoans has both sexual and asexual stages.
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Chapter 19
Malaria
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Protists
Zoomastigina – flagellates
Animal-like protozoans that use flagella for movement
At least three species of zooflagellates from the genus Trypanosoma cause infectious diseases in humans that often are fatal because of limited treatment options.
Chagas disease, sometimes called American sleeping sickness
African sleeping sickness
19.2 Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Chapter 19
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Characteristics of Algae
Contain photosynthetic pigments
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Protists
Primary pigment is chlorophyll
Secondary pigments allow them to absorb light energy in deep water
Chapter 19
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Protists
Red algae Green algae
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Diatoms
The unicellular algae are members of the phylum Bacillariophyta.
Diatoms are photosynthetic autotrophs.
Diatoms
Magnification unavailable
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Asexual reproduction occurs when the two separated halves each create a new half that can fit inside the old one.
When a diatom is about one-quarter of the original size, sexual reproduction is triggered and gametes are produced.
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Dinoflagellates – two flagella
Unicellular and have two flagella at right angles to one another
Some dinoflagellates are photosynthetic autotrophs, and other species are heterotrophs.
The heterotrophic dinoflagellates can be carnivorous, parasitic, or mutualistic.
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Algal Blooms
When food is plentiful and environmental conditions are favorable, dinoflagellates reproduce in great numbers.
When the food supply diminishes, the dinoflagellates die in large numbers.
As the dead algae decompose, the oxygen supply in the water is depleted, suffocating fish and other marine organisms.
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Red Tides
Some dinoflagellates have red photosynthetic pigments, and when they bloom, the ocean is tinged red.
Some species of dinoflagellates produce a potentially lethal nerve toxin.
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Euglenoids – the survivors
Euglenoids contain chloroplasts and photosynthesize.
Euglenoids also can be heterotrophs.
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Chrysophytes – Brown Algae
Yellow-green algae and golden-brown algae
Yellow and brown carotenoids that give them their golden brown color Golden-brown algae
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Brown Algae
Brown color is from a secondary carotenoid pigment called fucoxanthin.
Most of the 1500 species of brown algae live along rocky coasts in cool areas of the world.
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Chlorophyta - Green Algae
Like plants, green algae contain chlorophyll as a primary photosynthetic pigment.
Like plants, green algae have cell walls, and both groups store their food as carbohydrates.
Most species of green algae are found in freshwater.
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Growth Patterns Exhibited by Green Algae
Desmids are characterized by their symmetrically divided cells.
Spirogyra is a multicellular species characterized by its long, thin filaments.
Volvox is an example of an alga that has a colonial growth pattern.
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
Rhodophyta - Red Algae
Some of the oldest known species of macro algae.
Red pigments allow them to absorb sunlight a great depths.
Most species of green algae are found in marine environements.
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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ProtistsChapter 19
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Protists
Life Cycle of Algae
Alternation of generations is a life cycle of algae that takes two generations—one that reproduces sexuallyand one that reproduces asexually—to complete a life cycle.
19.3 Algae—Plantlike Protists
Chapter 19
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Slime Molds
Slime molds use spores to reproduce.
19.4 Funguslike Protists
Protists
Feed on decaying organic matter and absorb nutrients through their cell walls.
The cell walls of these protists contain cellulose or celluloselike compounds.
Chapter 19
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Myxomycota - Acellular Slime Molds Acellular slime molds are found in the phylum
Myxomycota.
Protists
19.4 Funguslike Protists
Chapter 19
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Acrasiomyctoa - Cellular Slime Molds
Cellular slime molds are found in the phylum Acrasiomycota.
Protists
Reproduce both sexually and asexually
19.4 Funguslike Protists
Chapter 19
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Oomycota - Water Molds and Downy Mildew
Protists
There are more than 500 species of watermolds and downy mildews in the phylum Oomycota.
Water molds differ from fungi in thecomposition of their cell walls and they produce flagellated reproductive cells.
Water mold
19.4 Funguslike Protists
Chapter 19
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Protists
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Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
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Chapter 19
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 1
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How are funguslike protists different from fungi?
A. perform photosynthesis
B. ingest bacteria
C. microscopic in size
D. contain centrioles
ProtistsChapter 19
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
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CDQ 2
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ProtistsChapter 19
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which type of protist carries out photosynthesis and has chloroplasts?
A. bacteria
B. algae
C. mold
D. fungus
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 3
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ProtistsChapter 19
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which is not a characteristic of protists?
A. unicellular
B. multicellular
C. might have formed
through endosymbiosis
D. prokaryotic
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1. A
2. B
FQ 1
0%0%
ProtistsChapter 19
What type of cells do protists have?
A. eukaryotic cells
B. prokaryotic cells
19.1 Formative Questions
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FQ 2
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.1 Formative Questions
How are protists classified?
A. by their internal cell structure
B. by their methods of reproduction
C. by the way they obtain nutrition
D. by the type of cell membranes they have
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FQ 3
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.1 Formative Questions
Why are protozoans classified as animal-like protists?
A. They absorb nutrients.B. They are heterotrophs.C. They carry out
photosynthesis.D. They have either cilia
or flagella.
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FQ 4
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.1 Formative Questions
Which microscopic protozoan lives in the guts of termites and produces enzymes that digest wood?
A. cystosporidius
B. microsporidium
C. sporocytidius
D. sporomicrobium
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FQ 5
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ProtistsChapter 19
What is the outermost layer of membrane in a paramecium?
A. cellulose
B. ectoplasm
C. pellicle
D. plasma membrane
19.2 Formative Questions
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FQ 6
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.2 Formative Questions
By what method do ciliates reproduce asexually?
A. binary fission
B. cytokinesis
C. cyst formation
D. endoplasmic bridging
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 7
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.2 Formative Questions
What do amoebas use for feeding and locomotion?
A. cilia
B. ectoplasm
C. flagella
D. pseudopods
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FQ 8
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.2 Formative Questions
How do amoebas excrete waste products and undigested food particles?
A. by diffusion
B. by exocytosis
C. through an anal pore
D. through waste vacuoles
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FQ 9
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.2 Formative Questions
How are the protists that cause malaria, Chagas’ disease, and African sleeping sickness transmitted to humans?
A. by insects
B. by humid air
C. by animal wastes
D. by unsanitary water
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FQ 10
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.2 Formative Questions
What is the insect host for the protist that causes Chagas’ disease?
A. the tsetse fly
B. the reduviid bug
C. the Anopheles mosquito
D. the Trypanosoma gnat
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 11
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ProtistsChapter 19
Which is not a characteristic of algae?
A. acellular
B. autotrophic
C. plantlike
D. photosynthetic
19.3 Formative Questions
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FQ 12
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.3 Formative Questions
Which algae are able to live and photosynthesize in the deepest water?
A. brown algae
B. diatoms
C. dinoflagellates
D. red algae
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FQ 13
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.3 Formative Questions
Why are diatoms found closer to the surface of the water?
A. They store their food as oil.
B. They are photosynthetic autotrophs.
C. Their secondary pigments are carotenoids.
D. Their silica walls form two unequal halves.
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 14
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.3 Formative Questions
What observation leads scientists to issue a warning to stop shellfish harvesting?
A. chrysophyte colonies
B. kelp overpopulation
C. red tides
D. zooplankton blooms
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FQ 15
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.3 Formative Questions
What organisms make up the base of the food web in aquatic environments?
A. kelp
B. blue-green algae
C. multicellular algae
D. phytoplankton
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 16
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ProtistsChapter 19
How are funguslike protists different from fungi?
A. They use spores to reproduce.
B. Their cell walls contain cellulose.
C. They feed on dead and decaying organic matter.
D. They absorb nutrients through their cell walls.
19.4 Formative Questions
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FQ 17
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.4 Formative Questions
What is a plasmodium?
A. a flagellated diploid zygote
B. a mature colony of sporangia
C. a multinucleated mass
of cytoplasmD. an amoeboid cell
produced from a spore
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FQ 18
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.4 Formative Questions
Which part of the cellular slime mold life cycle is a response to scarcity of food?
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FQ 19
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ProtistsChapter 19
19.4 Formative Questions
What type of protist caused the famine that resulted in large emigration of people from Ireland to the United States?
A. a downy mildew
B. a water mold
C. a cellular slime mold
D. an acellular slime mold
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Protists
Explain how algal blooms can be harmful.
Answer: When food supply dwindles, dinoflagellates in large numbers. As dead algae decompose, the oxygen supply in the water is depleted, suffocating fish and other marine organisms. Other fish can suffocate when their gills fill with dinoflagellates.
Chapter 19
Chapter Assessment Questions
CAQ 1
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
CAQ 2
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ProtistsChapter 19
Which environment would likely have chemosynthetic autotrophic eubacteria?
A. coral reef
B. deep-ocean
volcanic vent
C. lake in the mountains
D. soil near a spring
Chapter Assessment Questions
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
CAQ 3
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ProtistsChapter 19
Chapter Assessment Questions
Which number represents an organelle that captures energy for the cell from sunlight?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
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1. A
2. B
STP 1
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ProtistsChapter 19
Grouping protists according to the way they obtain nutrition is a useful classification system that explains evolutionary relationships.
A. TrueB. False
Standardized Test Practice
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 2
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ProtistsChapter 19
Standardized Test Practice
Which word refers to an animal that uses a whiplike structure for locomotion?
A. cilioplankton
B. dinociliate
C. flagellophore
D. zooflagellate
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 3
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ProtistsChapter 19
Standardized Test Practice
What can you determine about a protist that has contractile vacuoles?
A. It ingests food particles.
B. It is capable of locomotion.
C. It excretes digested wastes.
D. It lives in fresh water.
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 4
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ProtistsChapter 19
Standardized Test Practice
Why is this process not considered sexual reproduction?
A. It only involves micronuclei.
B. No new organisms are formed.
C. DNA is not transferred between cells.
D. It occurs between single-celled organisms.
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 5
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ProtistsChapter 19
Standardized Test Practice
Which is not true of acellular slime molds?
A. no flagella
B. multiple nuclei
C. no cell walls
D. begin as spores
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1. A
2. B
STP 6
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ProtistsChapter 19
Standardized Test Practice
Which are the spores in the life cycle of the sporozoan Plasmodium?
A. the merozoites
B. the sporozoites
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 7
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ProtistsChapter 19
Standardized Test Practice
What is the function of secondary pigments in many algae?
A. to absorb light energy in deep water
B. to emit light in aquatic environments
C. to reflect colors other than green
D. to store food other than carbohydrates
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 8
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ProtistsChapter 19
Standardized Test Practice
At certain times of the year along ocean shorelines, the waves appear to glow at night. What organisms likely cause this?
A. chrysophytes
B. diatoms
C. dinoflagellates
D. luminoids
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 9
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ProtistsChapter 19
Standardized Test Practice
Why are euglenoids challenging to classify?
A. They have both flagella and eyespots.
B. They are both photosynthetic
and heterotrophic.C. They have mitochondria but
no cell wall.D. Some absorb nutrients,
others ingest organisms.
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Protists
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 19
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Protists
Image Bank
Chapter 19
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Protists
Image Bank
Chapter 19
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protozoan
microsporidium
Protists
Vocabulary
Section 1
Chapter 19
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pellicle
trichocyst
contractile vacuole
pseudopod
test
Protists
Vocabulary
Section 2
Chapter 19
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bioluminescent
colony
alternation of generations
Protists
Vocabulary
Section 3
Chapter 19
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plasmodium
acrasin
Protists
Vocabulary
Section 4
Chapter 19