CHAPTER 18

Section 1: Setting the Stage for War

Section 2: World War I: A New Kind of War

Section 3: US Involvement in WWI

Section 4: The Russian Revolution

Section 5: The Terms of Peace

World War I and the Russian Revolution

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Bell Ringer Day 5 - 18.4:

Imagine that World War I has just ended.

Describe a plan to maintain peace and try to prevent future wars.

The Terms of Peace

I. The Final Years

A. With the entry of the United States, World War I truly became a “World War.” With countries involved in the fighting from Europe to the Americas, as well as European colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, no part of the world was left uninfluenced in some form by this war.

The major players of World War I were:

The Allies: France, Great Britain, Russia (until 1918), Italy (joined 1915), and the United States (joined in 1917).

VS

The Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire

B. The the addition of more than 2 million fresh American troops helped the Allies begin to advance towards Germany.

  In January 1918 President Wilson spoke to congress.

He outlined a set of ideas for a more

just world once the war ended.

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The Terms of Peace

Wilson’s Fourteen Points Plan

The Main Points Were:

NO secret treaties

Reduction of weapons and armed forces

self-determination - allow people of the same nationality to govern themselves; no nationality should have the power to govern another

Creation of an international peacekeeping organization

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The Terms of PeaceWhat was the

overall purpose of the Fourteen

Points?

…a just and safer world

D. The German people were angry and exhausted by the war.

They revolted against the Kaiser William II. On Nov. 9, 1918 William II gave up the throne and a German republic was created.

On November 11, the new German government signed an armistice, an

agreement to stop fighting, with the Allies.

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The Terms of Peace

…eleventh hour of the eleventhday of the eleventh month…

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The Terms of Peace

Costs of War

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The Terms of Peace

II. The Peace Settlements

A. In January 1919, representatives of the Big Four Allied nations (Great Britain, France, Italy, and United States) met for what came to be known as the Paris Peace Conference.

Wilson - USClemenceau - FranceLloyd George - GBOrlando -Italy

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The Terms of Peace

Woodrow Wilson  -

Believed that the peace settlement should be fair “Peace without Victory” and not so harsh that it would kindle future wars.

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The Terms of Peace

Clemenceau - France Lloyd George - GB

France and Great Britain believed that Germany had started the war and should pay for it.

B. European colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific had looked to the Paris Peace Conference with high hopes. Colonial leaders felt betrayed, they expected that

the peace would bring new respect and an end to imperial rule.

However, the leaders at Paris applied self-determination only to part of Europe.

Outside Europe, the victorious Allies added to their overseas empires.

C. In late June 1919 Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, officially ending World War I.

The terms included:

1. Germany admit that it was guilty of starting the war.

2. Reparation – payment for war damages

3. Loss of a portion of German territory

4. Creation of the League of Nation

D. League of Nations had two main aims:

1. to promote international cooperation

2. to keep peace among nations, by settling disputes and reducing armaments.

Although the League of Nations had been strongly promoted by President Wilson,

the US never became a member.

This led to the ineffectiveness of the League.

E. Because of the League’s peacekeeping commitments, some Americans feared being dragged into another war.

Congress is granted the right to declare war and no other nations should permitted to demand

our troops. ~Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

As a result of strong opposition, the U.S. Senate did not ratify (sign) the Versailles treaty. Instead the U.S. signed a separate peace treaty with Germany.