chapter 18 lincoln and the civil war. lincoln inaugural lincoln inaugural

CHAPTER 18

LINCOLN AND THE CIVIL WAR

Lincoln InauguralLincoln Inaugural

A Nation Divided

Fathers, sons, brothers often fought against each other, some for the Union, some for the Confederacy

Lincoln had three brothers-in-law who fought for the South

Gen. Lee had a favorite cousin fight for Union

Confederate Battle Flag

Civil War 35 Star 1st Official Confederate Flag

Jefferson Davis became President of

the Confederate States of America

On February 18, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as provisional president of the Confederate States of America. Davis was the first and only president of the Confederacy, which existed for just four years, from 1861 to 1865.

Jefferson Davis and his Cabinet

The first presidential cabinet of the Confederate States of America was composed of, left to right, Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory, Attorney General Judah P. Benjamin, Secretary of War Leroy Pope Walker, President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee, Postmaster General John H. Reagan, Secretary of the Treasury Christopher G. Memminger, Vice-President Alexander H. Stephens, and Secretary of State Robert Toombs.

A Nation Divided

WHY WAS THIS WAR FOUGHT?

SOUTHERN VIEW--WAR OF SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, TO KEEP THE SOUTHERN WAY OF LIFE.

NORTHERN VIEW--WAR TO SAVE THE UNION, TO SAVE THE AMERICAN NATION.

Important: NORTHERNERS DO NOT USE SLAVERY AS THE MAIN REASON FOR FIGHTING THIS WAR UNTIL THEY NEEDED TO HAVE A MORAL JUSTIFICATION FOR ALL THE DEATH AND SUFFERING.

PROBLEMS FOR LINCOLN NO MONEY. MOST REVENUE CAME FROM TARIFFS. ONCE THE WAR BEGAN,TARIFF DOLLARS DRIED UP

THE SECESSION OF THE SOUTH (11 states will leave)

Lincoln’s inexperience--NO MILITARY AND LIMITED NO GOVERNMENT EXPERINCE

PROBLEMS FOR LINCOLN HIS OWN CABINET WAS DIVIDED: HALF WANTED TO LET THE SOUTH GO AND NOT FIGHT THIS WAR

MANY POLITICAL LEADERS IN CONGRESS WERE AGAINST THE WAR

Maryland was so divided that pro-Confederate mobs attacked the Union army in Baltimore and Lincoln had to declare Martial law to keep control

LATER WHEN DRAFT RIOTS BROKE OUT HE SUSPENDED HABEAS CORPUS RIGHTS TO TRY TO KEEP THE PEACE

NORTHERN ADVANTAGES

POPULATION 22 MILLION VS. 9 MILLION OF WHICH 3.5 MILLION WERE SLAVES

ALMOST ALL FACTORIES WERE IN THE NORTH, THEREFORE, NORTHERNERS WOULD BE ABLE TO MANUFACTURE GUNS AND OTHER WEAPONS NEEDED FOR WAR

NORTHERN ADVANTAGES

ALMOST ALL THE RAILROADS WERE IN THE NORTH (66%) WAR SUPPLIES AND TROOPS COULD BE MOVED QUICKLY AND EASILY

HAD A LARGE NAVY THAT COULD BLOCKADE THE SOUTH AND PREVENT THE DELIVERY OF WAR SUPPLIES FROM ENGLAND

NORTHERN ADVANTAGES

ABILITY TO RAISE $$ THROUGH EXCISE, TARIFFS AND LATER INCOME TAXES

21 STATES VS. 11 STATES LATER--A MORAL REASON FOR FIGHTING THE WAR--EMANCIPATION

SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES GREAT MILITARY LEADERSHIP--MOST OF THE AMERICAN GENERALS IN THE ARMY PRIOR TO 1860 WERE SOUTHERN.THIS ALLOWED AN INFERIOR FORCE OF MEN TO DEFEAT LARGER ARMIES BY USING THEIR SKILL AND STATEGY TO DEFEAT THE UNION ARMY.

JEFFERSON DAVIS, WHO HAD A MILITARY BACKGROUND, ACTED LIKE A DICATOR WHICH ALLOWED QUICK BATTLEFIELD DECISIONS

Robert E. LeeRobert E. LeeRobert E. Lee was a brilliant general who commanded the Confederate army during the American Civil War (1861-1865). When war seemed imminent in 1861, President Lincoln offered command of the Union troops to Lee, but Lee declined, opting instead to assume command of Confederate forces in Virginia. In 1865 he became commander in chief of all Confederate troops, shortly before surrendering to Union general Ulysses S. Grant, which effectively ended the war.

SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES

DEFENSIVE POSTURE-- THE CONFEDERATES WERE DEFENDING THEIR HOMES AGAINST AN AGGREESOR. THIS MEANS THAT THEY WOULD BE MORE WILLING TO FIGHT AND DIE FIGHTING FOR INDEPENDENCE. THEY WERE READY TO FIGHT A LONG WAR IN THE HOPE THAT THE UNION WOULD JUST GET TIRED AND LED THE SOUTHERN STATES GO.

Jefferson Davis-A Confederate Dictator

During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Jefferson Davis served as the president of the Confederate States of America. As secretary of war under United States President Franklin Pierce and a two-term senator from Mississippi, Davis was a pro-slavery advocate who initially opposed secession. However, when his state withdrew from the Union, he resigned from the U.S. Senate in support of the South.

GOALS OF BOTH SIDES

BOTH SIDES HAD THE SAME OBJECTIVE--WIN THE WAR QUICKLY BY ATTACKING AND CAPTURING THE OTHER SIDE’S CAPITAL CITY (WASHINGTON, D.C. AND RICHMOND VA)

THE SOUTH MAIN OBJECTIVE WAS TO FIGHT A DEFENSIVE WAR

NORTHERN GOALS

BLOCKADE SOUTHERN PORTS TO STOP ANY EUROPEAN SUPPORT (WEAPONS)

TAKE OVER THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO STOP TRADE AND SPLIT TEXAS, ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA FROM THE REST OF THE CONFEDERACY

CAPTURE RICHMOND

SOUTHERN GOALS

FIGHT A DEFENSIVE WAR AND WEAR THE NORTH OUT-GET THE NORTH TO QUIT FIGHTING

TAKE WASHINGTON, D.C. GET EUROPEAN MONEY AND

SUPPLIES TO HELP WIN THE WAR

FIRST PHASE: NORTH ATTACKS THE SOUTH

THE UNION ARMY MARCHED TOWARD RICHMOND (100 MILES AWAY)

MET BY A CONFEDERATE ARMY UNDER THOMAS “STONEWALL” JACKSON.

AT THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN (Northern name) OR THE BATTLE OF MANASSAS(Southern name) THE CONFEDERATE ARMY WAS ABLE TO FORCE THE UNION ARMY TO RUN AWAY AND IN SOME CASES GETTING RID OF ALL THEIR WEAPONS AND MILITARY SUPPLIES.

McClellan vs. Jackson

A brilliant strategist, organizer, and trainer of troops during the American Civil War (1861-1865), General George McClellan was praised as a "young Napoleon," but his timidity on the battlefield caused President Abraham Lincoln to replace him as leader of the Union forces.

One of the most famous generals of the American Civil War (1861-1865), Thomas Jonathan Jackson served under Confederate General Robert E. Lee. During the First Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, Jackson's brigade faced overwhelming odds. General Barnard E. Bee, seeing Jackson's line holding firm, said, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall." After that he was called Stonewall by his troops.

FIRST PHASE: NORTH ATTACKS THE SOUTH

SINCE THE CONFEDERATES WON THE BATTLE, LINCOLN APPOINTED GEN. GEORGE McClellan COMMANDER TO TRAIN THE UNION ARMY. McClellan WAS RELUCTANT TO ATTACK AND LINCOLN SNAPPED “IF McClellan IS NOT USING THE ARMY, I SHOULD LIKE TO BORROW IT.”

FINALLY IN MARCH 1862, HE ATTEMPTS TO TAKE RICHMOND BUT GEN. LEE AND JACKSON, ATTACKED WASHINGTON, D.C. AND DID NOT ALLOW RE-ENFORCEMENTS TO ARRIVE TO HELP.

McClellan WAS FORCED TO RETREAT.

“Stonewall” Leads his men.

The War At Sea

THE SOUTH HAD NO NAVY TO SPEAK OF AND THE NORTHERN NAVY WAS ABLE TO EFFECTIVELY BLOCKADE SOUTHERN PORTS TO CHOKE OFF ANY SUPPLIES THAT MIGHT REACH THE CONFEDERACY

FIRST TWO IRON CLAD SHIPS FOUGHT EACH OTHER AT HAMPTON ROADS, VA. THE MONITOR (UNION) VS. THE MERRIMAC (FORMALLY THE VIRGINIA, CONFEDERATE)

The Monitor and the VirginiaThe Monitor and the Virginia

Ironclad ships Monitor and Virginia fire cannonades at one another at point-blank range during the historic battle of Hampton Roads in the American Civil War. The Union Monitor was smaller and lighter than its Confederate counterpart and had a revolving gun turret with two heavy guns. Although the two armored ships fought each other for several hours, the Virginia withdrew because of low tides, and the battle was considered a draw.

The Deck of the MonitorThe Deck of the Monitor

SECOND PHASE-THE SOUTH ATTACKS

LEE BELIEVED THAT A VICTORY IN THE NORTH WOULD FORCE THE NORTH TO LEAVE THE SOUTH ALONE.

LEE’S BATTLE PLANS FELL INTO McClellan's HANDS AND ATTACKED LEE AT ANTIETAM.

OVER 24,000 TROOPS ON BOTH SIDES WERE KILLED OR WOUNDED, LEE RETREATED.

Lincoln after the Battle of Antietam

Lincoln Discusses Emancipation Lincoln Discusses Emancipation Proclamation After the Battle of AntietamProclamation After the Battle of Antietam

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

LINCOLN ISSUED HIS EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, 1862.

THIS PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION STATED THAT ALL THE SLAVES IN STATES FIGHTING THE UNION WOULD BE FREE ON JANUARY 1, 1863.

FREED ZERO SLAVES, BUT GAVE THE NORTH A MORAL REASON FOR CONTINUING THE WAR.

Emancipation Proclamation Five hand written pages

Page 1 of 5 Page 2 of 5 Page 5 of 5

Other Major Battles

THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG WAS A DISASTER FOR THE UNION ARMY

UNDER THE COMMAND OF AMBROSE BURNSIDE (FROM RI). BURNSIDE FAILED TO DEFEAT LEE’S ARMY EVEN THOUGH HE OUTNUMBERED LEE BY OVER 35,000 MEN.

Burnside ordered six charges across open ground, with Confederate troops dug in (trenches) and the Union army was mowed down

A Major Battle

Battle of the West

ATTEMPTS TO TAKE THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

GRANT CAPTURED FORTS HENRY AND DONELSON AND TOOK CONTROL OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI AND MOVED SOUTH

Grant’s Western Plans

Battle of the West AT SHILOH, THE CONFEDERATE ARMY ATTACKED GRANT. AFTER SOME OF THE BLOODIEST BATTLE OF THE WAR, GRANT WON, BUT LOST 25% OF HIS ARMY.

MORE AMERICANS DIED AT THIS ONE BATTLE THAN THE TOTAL DEATH OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, WAR OF 1812 AND THE MEXICAN WAR COMBINED.

WHEN SOME COMPLAINED THAT GRANT ACCEPTED TO MANY CAUSALITIES, LINCOLN SAID, “I CANNOT SPARE THIS MAN, HE FIGHT”

Battle of the West

LATER, THE UNION TOOK NEW ORLEANS, MEMPHIS AND FINALLY VICKSBURG AFTER A SIX WEEK SIEGE.

THE MISSISSIPPI WAS UNDER UNION CONTROL AND THE SOUTH COULD NOT USE IT TO SHIP MEN AND SUPPLIES

THIRD PHASE-THE ADVANTAGES OF THE NORTH START TO TAKE A TOLL

NORTH GAINS ADVANTAGES EVEN AS SUPPORT FOR THE WAR FADES COPPERHEADS (Northerners who wanted peace) WANTED TO STOP FIGHTING

$100 BOUNTIES FOR ENLISTMENT, THE DRAFT, $300 BUYOUTS FOR THOSE DRAFTED

RIOTS OVER THE DRAFT AND LINCOLN DECLARING MARTIAL LAW AND SUSPENDED HABEAS CORPUS RIGHTS

Lincoln Calls for the first Draft in United States History

Rioting lasted for five days in New York City when people rebelled against an 1863 draft law that gave the rich the option not to serve. The mostly foreign-born laborers, who could not afford to pay for substitutes to fight for them in the Civil War, damaged many buildings, including the black children's orphanage pictured here. The Copperheads encouraged these riots

The Northern Economy

First income tax law passed to help pay for the war

Inflation due to widespread printing of “greenback”, the value of the money was cut almost in half—prices doubled

Profiteers overcharged the gov’t for war supplies: clothing, food, weapons, shoes

The Southern Economy

Much worse than the North Passed a “tax-in-kind”: which required farmers to

turn over 1/10 of their crops to the gov’t Inflation: a confederate dollar was worth about 2

cents Blockade stopped weapons from reaching the

Confederate army– after battles, the soldiers would search the battle field for guns and bullets

THIRD PHASE-THE ADVANTAGES OF THE NORTH START TO TAKE A TOLL

THE ECONOMIC,INDUSTRIAL AND SHEAR SIZE OF THE NORTH STARTED TO SHOW BENEFITS

THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE, A HUGE SOUTHERN VICTORY, COST THE SOUTH ONE OF THEIR BEST GENERALS

A CONFEDERATE SENTRY ACCIDENTALLY SHOT STONEWALL JACKSON WHO DIED OF BLOOD POISONING SEVERAL DAYS LATER

Women in the WarWomen in the WarPlayed vital roles by taking Played vital roles by taking over the jobs as men joined over the jobs as men joined the armythe armyDisguised themselves and Disguised themselves and fought & worked as spiesfought & worked as spiesMany helped as nurses:Many helped as nurses:– Dorothea Dix-superintendent Dorothea Dix-superintendent

for Union nursesfor Union nurses– Clara Barton-started the Red Clara Barton-started the Red

CrossCross– Sally Tompkins-opened a Sally Tompkins-opened a

private southern hospital-of private southern hospital-of the 1,333 patients treated the 1,333 patients treated only 73 diedonly 73 died

Dix

Barton

THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG (to view a site with many pictures click here) LEE HOPED TO SURPRISE THE UNION ARMY IN PENN. AND THEN TURN SOUTH TO ATTACK WASHINGTON.

BY ACCIDENT, SOME OF LEE’S MEN WERE DISCOVERED BY THE UNION ARMY UNDER GENERAL MEADE.

Gettysburg

THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG(click here for details of this battle) FROM JULY 1 TO JULY 3, OVER 150,000 MEN FOUGHT OUTSIDE THE TOWN OF GETTYSBURG.

THE UNION ARMY TOOK THE HIGH GROUND AT PLACES LIKE CEMETERY RIDGE AND LITTLE ROUND TOP. IT FORCED LEE TO ATTACK STRONG UNION POSITIONS.

Battle of Gettysburg

In July 1863 Confederate and Union forces fought a brutal three-day battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Both sides suffered heavy losses, but the clash was considered a Union victory and a turning point in the American Civil War. The battle marked the last time that the Confederate Army invaded the North.

THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG

KEY BATTLES INCLUDED LITTLE ROUND TOP WERE A MAINE REGIMENT WAS HOLDING THE LEFT FLANK OF MEADE’S FORCES. THE CONFEDERATES ATTACKED A NUMBER OF TIMES.

THE UNION COMMANDER, COL. CHAMBERLAIN, HELD OFF THE SUPERIOR SOUTHERN FORCE. THE MAINE TROOPS WERE ALMOST OUT OF AMMUNITION, WHEN CHAMBERLAIN ORDERED A BAYONET CHARGE (UNUSUAL FOR THE CIVIL WAR) AND FORCED THE SOUTHERNERS TO SURRENDER.

Cemetery Ridge and Pickett’s Charge

THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG

AT CEMETERY RIDGE, GENERAL LEE ORDERS GENERAL PICKETT’S ARMY OF 15,000 TO CHARGE ACROSS AN OPEN FIELD OVER A MILE WIDE, AND ATTACK THE UNION ARMY.

PICKETTS’ CHARGE FAILED AND LEE WITHDREW FROM GETTYSBURG. OVER 40,000 MEN WERE KILLED OR WOUNDED IN THIS ONE BATTLE ALONE. THE SOUTH WOULD HAVE TO FIGHT A DEFENSIVE WAR FROM NOW ON.

Death and Death and Destruction Destruction

at at GettysburgGettysburg

During the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg began on July 1, 1863, when a Confederate brigade searching for a badly needed supply of shoes in the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, ran into Union cavalry. After the three days of battle were over, Union forces claimed victory, although both sides suffered heavy casualties. This photograph of the battlefield shows the dead soldiers.

Gettysburg DeadGettysburg Dead

THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

IN NOVEMBER, AT A CEREMONY TO DEDICATE THE CEMETERY AT GETTYSBURG.

LINCOLN WAS NOT EVEN THE MAIN SPEAKER

HE MADE A THREE MINUTE SPEECH THAT IS ONE THE GREATEST SPEECHES IN AMERICAN HISTORY:

The Original Copy of the Address

THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS(click here for more info)

“FORESCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR FATHERS BOUGHT FORTH ON THIS CONTINENT, A NEW NATION, CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY, AND DEDICATED THE PROPOSITION THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL. NOW WE ARE ENGAGED IN A GREAT CIVIL WAR, TESTING WHETHER THAT NATION, OR ANY NATION SO CONCEIVED AND SO DEDICATED, CAN LONG ENDURE

THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS ....BUT, IN A LARGER SENSE, WE CAN NOT DEDICATE-WE CAN NOT CONSECRATE-WE CAN NOT HALLOW-THIS GROUND. THE BRAVE MEN, LIVING AND DEAD, WHO STRUGGLED HERE, HAVE CONSECRATED IT, FAR ABOVE OUR POOR POWER TO ADD OR DETRACT. THE WORLD WILL LITTLE NOTE, NOR LONG REMEMBER WHAT WE SAY HERE, BUT IT CAN NEVER FORGET WHAT THEY DID HERE

....WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE DEAD SHALL NOT HAVE DIED IN VAIN-THAT THIS NATION, UNDER GOD, SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM-AND THAT GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE, SHALL NOT PERISH FROM THE EARTH.”

The Fourth Phase: Total War GRANT DECIDES THAT HE WILL JUST OVERWHELM LEE AND THE CONFEDERATE ARMY BY USING HIS SUPERIOR NUMBERS AND SUPPLIES.

HE ATTACKS LEE AT THE WILDERNESS, SPOTSYLVANIA AND COLD HARBOR. THE UNION ARMY LOST OVER 60,000 MEN.

Click here for a list and review of the many battles of the Civil War!!

Grant takes ChargeGrant takes Charge

During the American Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant was one of the Union Army's most successful generals. President Abraham Lincoln selected Grant to lead the Union forces on March 9, 1864, following a string of unsuccessful commanders.

Lincoln, Grant and Sherman

The Fourth Phase: Total War ALTHOUGH GRANT LOST MANY MEN AND MOST OF THE BATTLES, HE WAS WEARING LEE’S ARMY OUT.

HE SENT SHERMAN FROM THE WEST TO ATTACKED AND TAKE ATLANTA

SHERMAN DECIDED TO USE “TOTAL WAR” SHERMAN MARCHES TO THE SEA AT SAVANNAH, DESTROYING EVERYTHING IN HIS PATH.

GRANT ALSO SENT THE CAVALRY UNDER SHERIDAN TO DO THE SAME THING IN THE FARM RICH LAND OF THE SHENANADOAH VALLEY.

William T. ShermanWilliam T. ShermanOne of the Union's best generals during the American Civil War (1861-1865), William T. Sherman marched an army through the South, destroying the last of the South's economic resources. Because he waged an economic war against civilians, he has been called the first modern general.

Sherman captures AtlantaSherman captures AtlantaThis photograph depicts Atlanta's Peachtree Street

after the Union army under

General William Sherman took the city on September

2, 1864, during the American Civil War.

Sherman burned the city two months

later before embarking on his march to the sea.

Sherman’s march to Sherman’s march to the Seathe Sea

In 1864, during the American Civil War, Union troops led by General William T. Sherman captured Atlanta, Georgia. From there, Sherman split his forces and marched them in a parallel route southeast to the Atlantic Ocean and then through South Carolina. Along the way, Sherman's troops destroyed everything in their path, including civilian property that could be of use to the Confederates. The town of Columbia, South Carolina, shown here, was one of many towns devastated in the march.

Fourth Phase

AT PETERSBURGH, A KEY RAILROAD/RE-SUPPLY AREA, GRANT STARTS A SIEGE AND SLOWLY EXTENDS HIS LINES TO FORCE LEE TO WEAKEN HIS POSITION.

GEN. BURNSIDE ATTEMPTED TO END THE WAR AT THE BATTLE OF THE CRATER. BURNSIDE HAD HIS PENN. COAL MINERS AND ENGINEERS DIG A TUNNEL OVER 400 FEET UNTIL IT WAS UNDER LEE’S LINE.

Fourth Phase

HE THEN PLANTED HUNDREDS OF POUNDS OF EXPLOSIVES IN THE END OF THE TUNNEL.

THE PLAN WAS TO HAVE LEE’S LINE EXPLODE, PROVIDING A HOLE IN WHICH BURNSIDES ARMY COULD ENTER AND SPREAD OUT DIVIDING LEE FORCE AND MAKING THE WAR END.

Linear Tactics during the Civil War

Fourth Phase UNFORTUNATELY, BURNSIDES MEN ENTERED THE CRATER AND COULD NOT GET OUT. LEE’S MEN RESPONDED BY SURROUNDING THE HUGE HOLE IN THE GROUND AND KILLING EVERY SOLDIER IN THE CRATER.

IT BECAME A MASSACRE WHEN THE CONFEDERATE TROOPS REALIZED THAT MANY OF THE SOLDIERS WERE BLACK AND INSTEAD OF ALLOWING EACH TO SURRENDER, EVERY MAN IN THE HOLE WAS KILLED.

General Burnside from Rhode IslandBurnside and the 9th were selected to break the siege by Grant. They started by tunneling an explosive charge under Lee's line of defense. The idea was to blow an enormous hole in Lee's line, then rush the 9th through to take the city. The Battle of the Crater began with the largest explosion ever seen, but ended in a disaster because one of the key commanders entrusted to lead the attack was drunk and not at his post; another was found hiding in a bomb proof shelter. The attack ended up being a slaughter for the Union and accomplished nothing.

Petersburg AFTER NINE MONTHS OF HOLDING PETERSBURGH IN A SIEGE, GRANT ATTACKED THE CITY IN FULL FORCE IN LATE MARCH.

THE CITY FELL ON APRIL 3 RICHMOND WAS CAPTURED THE NEXT DAY.

LINCOLN INSISTED ON TOURING THE DESTROYED CITY AND TOLD THE SOUTHERNERS THAT THEY WOULD BE WELCOMED BACK INTO THE UNION

Destruction of Richmond

The End: Appomattox Courthouse FINALLY, GRANT TRAPPED LEE IN VIRGINIA AT APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE.

LEE KNEW THAT IF HE FOUGHT, HIS ARMY WOULD BE SLAUGHTERED AND HE SURRENDERED TO GRANT ON APRIL 6, 1865.

GRANT’S TERMS WERE GENEROUS: HE ALLOWED THE CONFEDERATED TO KEEP THEIR PISTOLS AND HORSES, THEY ONLY HAD TO TURN OVER THEIR MUSKETS, RIFLES AND CANNONS.

GRANT SAID: “THE WAR IS OVER, THE REBELS ARE OUR COUNTRYMEN AGAIN.”

Surrender at Surrender at Appomattox Appomattox

Court HouseCourt House

Early in April 1865, Confederate forces in Virginia led by General Robert E. Lee confronted those of Union general Ulysses S. Grant. Lee, realizing his troops were outnumbered by more than two to one and that further fighting would result in useless loss of life, asked for a meeting to discuss terms of surrender. On April 9, both generals met at a private home in the small town of Appomattox Court House. Grant offered generous terms, which Lee graciously accepted. With that, the American Civil War ended.

The Ten Costliest Battles of the Civil War

Based on total casualties #1Battle of Gettysburg Date: July 1-3, 1863 Location: Pennsylvania Confederate Commander: Robert E. LeeUnion Commander: George G. Meade Confederate Forces Engaged: 75,000 Union Forces Engaged: 82,289Winner: Union Casualties: 51,112 (23,049 Union and 28,063 Confederate)


Based on total casualties

#2 Battle of Chickamauga Date: September 19-20, 1863 Location: Georgia Confederate Commander: Braxton Bragg Union Commander: William Rosecrans Confederate Forces Engaged: 66,326 Union Forces Engaged: 58,222 Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 34,624 (16,170 Union and 18,454 Confederate)



#3 Battle of Chancellorsville Date: May 1-4, 1863 Location: Virginia Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: Joseph Hooker Confederate Forces Engaged: 60,892 Union Forces Engaged: 133,868 Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 30,099 (17,278 Union and 12,821 Confederate)



#4 Battle of Spotsylvania Date: May 8-19, 1864 Location: Virginia Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Forces Engaged: 50,000 Union Forces Engaged: 83,000 Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 27,399 (18,399 Union and 9)000 Confederate)



#5 Battle of Antietam Date: September 17, 1862 Location: Maryland Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: George B. McClellan Confederate Forces Engaged: 51,844 Union Forces Engaged: 75,316 Winner: Union Casualties: 26,134 (12,410 Union and 13,724 Confederate)



#6Battle of The Wilderness Date: May 5-7, 1864 Location: Virginia Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Forces Engaged: 61,025 Union Forces Engaged: 101,895 Winner: Inconclusive Casualties: 25,416 (17,666 Union and 7,750 Confederate)



#7 Battle of Second ManassasDate: August 29-30, 1862Location: Virginia Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: John Pope Confederate Forces Engaged: 48,527 Union Forces Engaged: 75,696 Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 25,251 (16,054 Union and 9,197 Confederate)



#8 Battle of Stone's RiverDate: December 31, 1862Location: Tennessee Confederate Commander: Braxton Bragg Union Commander: William S. Rosecrans Confederate Forces Engaged: 37,739 Union Forces Engaged: 41,400 Winner: Union Casualties: 24,645 (12,906 Union and 11,739 Confederate)


Based on total casualties#9 Battle of ShilohDate: April 6-7, 1862 Location: Tennessee Confederate Commander: Albert Sidney Johnston/ P. G. T. Beauregard Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Forces Engaged: 40,335 Union Forces Engaged: 62,682 Winner: Union Casualties: 23,741 (13,047 Union and 10,694 Confederate)



#10 Battle of Fort Donelson Date: February 13-16, 1862 Location: Tennessee Confederate Commander: John B. Floyd/Simon B. Buckner Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Forces Engaged: 21,000 Union Forces Engaged: 27,000 Winner: Union Casualties: 19,455 (2,832 Union and 16,623 Confederate)

Lincoln is Assassinated Lincoln is Assassinated

An American Tragedy: Lincoln was Killed

FIVE DAYS LATER, ON APRIL 14, 1865, ABRAHAM LINCOLN WAS SHOT AND KILLED BY JOHN WILKES BOOTH WHILE WATCHING A PLAY AT THE FORD THEATER IN WASHINGTON, D.C.

BOOTH WAS A SOUTHERNER WHO BLAMED LINCOLN FOR THE SOUTH’S DEFEAT.

BOOTH WAS SURROUNDED BY FEDERAL TROOPS AND KILLED.

Captain, My Captain byWalt Whitman

O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done; The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won;

The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring: But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, here on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.

O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills; For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding; For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head; It is some dream that on the deck,You’ve fallen cold and dead.

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still; My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will; The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;

From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won; Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.

chapter 18 lincoln and the civil war. lincoln inaugural lincoln inaugural

Documents

war of southern independence

american civil war

confederate army

president jefferson

delivery of war supplies

union army

general robert

provisional president