Chapter 18 Conflict and Absolutism in Europe 1550-1715

Country: Spain

Religion: Catholic

Leader: King Philip II

Land: Spain, The Netherlands, Milan, Naples, Sicily, the Americas

Events: At one time, the largest empire on Earth but defeat of Spanish Armada and declines in gold and silver severely weakened Spain

Country: The Netherlands

Religion: Protestant

Leader: William the Silent

Land: present day Holland and Belgium

Events: Successfully fought Spanish for control of The Netherlands

Country: England

Religion: Protestant but divided into Church of England and Puritans; Catholicism

Leader: Elizabeth I (Tudor), James I (Stuart), Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II, William of Orange

James I Stuart-divine right of kings-power from God

Split in Church of England-Puritans

Charles I-Petition of Right-limited King’s ability to tax, imprison citizens, quarter troops, martial law

English Civil war-Cavaliers (King), Roundheads (Parliament)

Oliver Cromwell-leads New Model Army to victory over Cavaliers

English Civil War cont’d

Charles I executed

Military rules England under Cromwell

The Restoration-Cromwell dies and monarchy restored

Charles II becomes King, converts to Catholicism

James II-next Catholic King

The Glorious Revolution

William of Orange (Dutch) invades England; becomes King

English Bill of Rights-Parliament makes laws, taxes, citizens bear arms, jury trials, raise an army, rule of law, freely elected Parliament, Toleration Act (freedom of worship for Puritans), divine right of kings abolished

Two political thinkers:

Thomas Hobbes-people out for self preservationwrote Leviathan, argued for absolute monarchy and strong state

John Locke-humans have natural rights-life, liberty and property; constitutional government, rule of law, protection of rights

Country: France

Religion: Catholic; Huguenots=protestants

Leader: Louis XIV “Sun King”

Events: Louis=absolute monarch “I am the State”

persecuted Huguenots, launched many wars, improved infrastructure

Country: Prussia

Religion: Protestant

Leader: Frederick William

Events: Military nation with huge army, set up General War Commissariat

Country: Austria

Religion: Catholic

Leader: Hapsburg royal family

Land: Empire including present day Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary

Events: Defeated Turks, huge empire but couldn’t hold it together-Austria, Bohemia, Hungary

Country: Russia

Religion: Russian Orthodox but limited in power

Leader: Romanov Dynasty 1613-1917; Peter the Great

Events: westernized Russia, increased size of army, defeated Sweden, established St. Petersburg on Baltic “Window to the West”

ArtHigh Renaissance art emphasized proportion, balance, and ideal beautyMannerism exaggerated such qualities, often resulting in compositions with elongated figures showing suffering, heightened emotions or religious ecstasyMannerism-Started in Italy but spread across EuropeEl Greco=most famous Mannerism artist

Baroque Art and Architecturestarted in ItalyShows power-big, grand, dramaticBernini-St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, Throne of Saint Peter

Caravaggio

Artemisia Gentileschi

Peter Paul Rubens-Dutch artist

Literature

William Shakespeare-England; theatre, drama, tragedies

Miguel de Cervantes-Spain; Don Quixote

Lope de Vega-Spanish theater

Music

Johan Sebastian Bach-German; Mass in B Minor

George Frideric Handel-Messiah