Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity

I. Classification

II. Scientific Names

III. What is a Species

IV. The Six Kingdoms

The Giant Anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, eats over 10,000,000 ants or termites a year.

How Classification Began

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)First widely used

2 groups• Plants and animals

.Carolus Linnaeus

Binomial Nomenclature: scientific name. (of an individual species)• (bi=2; nomen=name)• Genus, species

Developed in 1770Presently usedBased on physical and structural similaritiesIncorporates evolutionary relationships2-word naming systemIdentifies a species

I. Scientific Name:

Latin International language—even though there may be several “common names”Each is uniqueOften Descriptive

Can you tell where you will find this sea lion?

Part of its scientific name refers to the coast it lives along - Zalophus californianus.

Rank Fruit fly Human Pea Fly Agaric E. coli

Domain Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Bacteria

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae Fungi Monera

Phylum or Division Arthropoda Chordata Magnoliophyta Basidiomycota Proteobacteria

Subphylum or subdivision Hexapoda Vertebrata Magnoliophytina Hymenomycotina

Class Insecta Mammalia Magnoliopsida Homobasidiomycetae Proteobacteria

Subclass Pterygota Eutheria Magnoliidae Hymenomycetes Gammaproteobacteria

Order Diptera Primates Fabales Agaricales Enterobacteriales

Suborder Brachycera Haplorrhini Fabineae Agaricineae

Family Drosophilidae Hominidae Fabaceae Amanitaceae Enterobacteriaceae

Subfamily Drosophilinae Homininae Faboideae Amanitoideae

Genus Drosophila Homo Pisum Amanita Escherichia

Species D. melanogaster H. sapiens P. sativum A. muscaria E. coli

ExamplesThe usual classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly so familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli. The eight major ranks are given in bold; a selection of minor ranks are given as well.

Writing Scientific Names:First mention in a paper:

Genus species

orGenus species

After this, may abbreviate one of these 2 ways:

G. species

or G. species

Prehistoric mammal, Irish Elk Megaloceros giganteus largest antlers ever. A specimen found in an Irish peat bog had antlers 4.3 m or 14 ft across& 100+ lbs.

Taxonomy• The science & process of classifying living things.• Categorized into groups; subdivide these into smaller

subgroups, etc.• Each group ( and subgroup) : Taxon• Grouped from very broad to very specific• Smallet taxon is “species”

• Based upon: physical, biochemical, genetic, behavorial characteristics Categories demonstrate relationships. 7 different levels

.

The Classif. Process

The 3 Domains

The 6 Kingdoms: A Hierarchical SystemKingdom P hlyum Class Order Family Genus Species

Classification & Evolution

The more categories shared--the more closely related.

These similarities are due to descent from recent common ancestor

III. What is a Species?

Basic Unit of Evolution

Species change and give rise to new species

SpeciesInterbreed to produce fertile offspring.

At least one unique inherited characteristic

Hybrids-cross of 2 close species

Usually sterile

(horse + zebra = zebroid)

Phylogenic ClassificationPhylogeny: evolutionary history

Cladistics: one typeAssume a group of organisms diverge & evolve from a common ancestral group.

They retain a unique characteristic (derived characteristics)

Cladogram: A branching diagram illustrates (model).

2 organisms near one another share a _____recent common ancestor

Show probable evolution from a group

IV. The Six KingdomsArchaebacteriaEubacteriaProtista

FungiPlantaeAnimalia

1. ArchaebacteriaProkaryoteExtremophylesAncestors of all eukaryotes

2. Eubacteria

Prokaryotes

Most common bacteria

Ancestors of chloroplasts and mitochondria

3. Protista

Much diversityMost single celled; some multicelled; mainly aquatic

Some animal-likeSome Plant-likeSome Bacteria- like

4. Fungi

Earth’s decomposersMushrooms, yeast, moldsHeterotrophs Extracellular Digestion

5. PlantaeMulticellular

Photosynthesis/Autotrophs

Cell walls of cellulose

Descended from green algae

6.AnimaliaMulticellularMovementHeterotrophsNo cell walls

Largest # of phyla found in seas

Weekend Assignment: Due TuesdayResearch the meaning of and evidence which supports Lynn Margulis’s Endosymbiont Theory. How did chloroplasts and mitochondria originate?

Include illustrations or pictures.

2 paragraphs minimum

Other writing format option—may write a short story or poem with all of the pertinent information incorporated within.