chapter 16: the conquest of the far west 1865-1896
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 16: The Conquest of the Far West
1865-1896
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Growth of the WestIndian Removal Act – 1830
a.Removal of Natives by force if needed/Pres. AJ
b.Trail of Tears after Cherokee Nation v. Ga. 1831
7.“No Mans Land”
8.Leads to “Land Rush” and “Sooners”
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“Land Rush” & “Sooners”
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Growth of the West1. Gold rush (1848)
2. Homestead Act (1862)
3. Alaska Terr. (1867)
4. TRR (1869)
5. Trouble w/Natives
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Importance of the Buffalo
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Settlers and the Buffalo
1. Killed a. by hunters for heads,
hides, bones, and fur
b. for sport
c. by RR co.
2. Helped gov’t push Natives onto reservations
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Massacre at Sand Creek, Co 1864 1. Natives told to make camp at
Sand Creek to make peace deal.
2. Col. Chivingtona. >400 Cheyenne killed while
sleeping; bodies mutilatedb. Body parts kept as souvenirs
3. Later discredited by Congress
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“Fetterman Massacre” (1866)
American Horse &
Red Cloud
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Treaty of Laramie (1868)
1. Ended Great Sioux War of 1865-1867
2. Lands in the Black Hills, SD, Wy, and Mt.
3. Deposits of gold discovered, which leads to …
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Battle at Little Bighorn, Mt.(aka Greasy Grass ) (1876)
1. 7th Calvary sent to take lands of Black Hills – found gold
2. Custer and men overtaken and killed by Crazy Horse
3. Public outcry = forcing more onto reservations
4. Same situation with the Nez Perce in the NW Pacific
“Custer’s Last Stand”
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Sitting Bull
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Geronimo
Apache Native American
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The Demise of the Native American The Railroads Diseases Depletion of the buffalo Firewater aka liquor
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http://invasionofamerica.ehistory.org/
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Helen Hunt Jackson (1881)
1. Exposes injustices of the NA by the US gov’t
2. Supporter of assimilationa. Indian Rights Association
b. Women’s National Indian Association
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Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
1. To “Americanize” NA by teaching them that owning land and farming was “right”
2. Reservation lands distributed to head of household; 160 acres; individuality not communal
3. Lands left over sold to settlers; funds for the benefit of the Native Americans
4. NA lost >2/3rd of their lands
5. Later reversed with the Indian Reorganization Act aka Indian New Deal; which returned NA their sovereignty
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Assimilation of the Native American
1. Farming
2. Christianity
3. English
4. Education
“Friends of the Indians”
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Carlisle Indian School, Pa.
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Ghost Dance: prohibited by government1. Return of the buffalo
2. Restorations of their lands
3. Make the white man disappear
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Battle of Wounded Knee @ Pine Ridge Reservation (1890)
1. Started with the arrest and killing of Sitting Bull
2. A few days later, 7th Calvary rounded up ghost dancers and took them to Wounded Knee Camp
3. >200 unarmed NA killed and left to freeze
4. Payback for Battle of Little Bighorn
5. Brought Indian wars to an end
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Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee
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Miners “Striking it Rich!”Mining for Gold and Silver
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Pike’s Peakers/’59ers
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Pros and Cons of Mining
a. Pros
i.Railroads increased
ii.Statehood increased
iii.Cities developed and “Boomed”- economy grew rapidly
b. Cons
i. Increased crime
ii. Destruction of land
iii. “ghost towns”
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Real Winners?a. Mine owners - able to invest capital in industries that supported the miners
i. Equip and technology
ii. RR
iii. Timber
iv. Hydroelectricity
b. The Union/Civil War
http://cprr.org/Museum/Hydraulic_Mining/
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Hazards of Mining
The Western Federation of Miners on parade, passing the Southern Hotel in Rhyolite, February 17, 1907.
(Nevada Historical Society)
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Miners & Workers
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From Boom Towns to Ghost Towns
•
http://cprr.org/Museum/Hydraulic_Mining/
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Realities of “Helldorados”
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Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive
Let’s play “Life as a Farmer!”
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Cowboys & Cattle
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Life as a Cowboy
1. Hard: Saloons, violence, guns, and prostitutes
2. Range wars = fences; problematic for grazing
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Long Drives & the RR
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B. Collapse of Cattle Industry
barb wire overgrazing
overstocking
extreme weather
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Homestead Act of 1862
1. 160 acres/$30 fee2. 5 yrs cultivation (grow crops)3. Option of purchasing it at $1.25 acre after 6 months
(residency requirement)
4. Land for farming was bad5. Only 10% of farmers received their lands from the
act. Why so little?- Better lands closer to transportation and town/mkts- Plenty of room for corruption
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Farming and Technology
McCormick’s reaper
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Farming and Technology
1. Efficiency = increase trade
2. Dependent on:a. Technology
b. Nature
c. Shipping and RR
d. Global markets
3. Dry Farming techniques
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Bonanza Farms
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Swift’s Refrigerated RR Carts
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Competed on a global market not just domestic = huge debts!
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Manufactured goods vs. agricultureProblems?
Other problems for farmers?
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The Great Plains
Why move to the Great Plains?
(future home of the Dust Bowl!)
a. Homestead Act
b. Advertising
c. RR/towns
d. Farming technology
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Dugouts
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Soddies
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Fredrick Jackson Turner
American historian
Frontier Thesis: American democracy is shaped by each new frontier in the U.S.
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The Grange Aka patrons of Husbandry Social, educational,
fraternal activities By 1875, 800,000
members
Oliver Kelly
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The Grange (1867)
1. Corporations such as RR and banks to blame for their hard times
2. Foreign competition = decrease prices of US crops
3. Banned together to dev. own grain elevators, stores, equip to control prices = Cooperatives
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Coxey’s Army (1894)
1. Unemployed march to Washington, D.C.
2. Wanted federal gov’t to create jobs via public works projects
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Pullman Strike (1894)
1. Wages cut but not rent
2. Il National Guard sent in, then federal troops
3. Led by Eugene Debs ARU-American Railway Union
4. Nationwide strike
5. End result: 25 dead
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Election of 1896 McKinley (Rep)
WJ Bryan (Dem)
“Cross of Gold”