chapter 16 · chapter 16 the chemistry of benzene derivaves organic chemistry, 5th ed. marc loudon...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 16 · Chapter 16 The Chemistry of Benzene Derivaves Organic Chemistry, 5th ed. Marc Loudon Eric J. Kantorowski California Polytechnic State University](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042515/5ad608c17f8b9a48398e4edb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter16TheChemistryofBenzeneDeriva4ves
Organic Chemistry, 5th ed. Marc Loudon
Eric J. Kantorowski California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA
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Chapter16Overview
• 16.1NomenclatureofBenzeneDeriva6ves
• 16.2PhysicalProper6esofBenzeneDeriva6ves• 16.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva6ves• 16.4ElectrophilicAroma6cSubs6tu6onReac6onsofBenzene• 16.5ElectrophilicAroma6cSubs6tu6onReac6onsof
Subs6tutedBenzenes
• 16.6Hydrogena6onofBenzeneDeriva6ves• 16.7SourceandIndustrialUseofAroma6cHydrocarbons
2
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Nomenclature
• Subs6tu6venomenclature
• Notetheresonancehybridsforthe–NO2group
316.1NomenclatureofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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Nomenclature
• Commonnames
• Ortho,meta,andparaprefixes
416.1NomenclatureofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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Nomenclature
• Principlegroups
• Othercommonnames
516.1NomenclatureofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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Nomenclature
• Numbersarerequiredwhenmorethantwosubs6tuentsarepresent
616.1NomenclatureofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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Nomenclature
• Thebenzeneringmayalsobeasubs6tuent
• Thephenylgroup=C6H5‐=Ph‐
• Thebenzylgroup=C6H5CH2‐
716.1NomenclatureofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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PhysicalProper<es
• Benzenederiva6vesandhydrocarbonshavesimilarboilingpoints
• Notehowthemel6ngpointsofthehighlysymmetricalcompoundsareunusuallyhigh
816.2PhysicalProper4esofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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PhysicalProper<es
• Para‐disubs6tutedderiva6vestypicallyhavemp’shigherthanthoseoforthoandmeta
• Benzeneandotheraroma6chydrocarbonderiva6vesareinsolubleinwater
• IfH‐bondingispossible,thenwatersolubilityisimproved(e.g.,phenol,PhOH)
916.2PhysicalProper4esofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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IRSpectroscopy
1016.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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1HNMRSpectroscopy
• Benzene:δ 7.4• Mostbenzenederiva6ves:δ 7.0‐8.0
• Ifanunknowncompoundhasanunsatura6onnumberof≥4,immediatelycheckthisregion
• Note:Vinylprotonsofalkenesareatδ 5.0‐5.7
• Whydobenzenederiva6vesappearmoredownfield?
1116.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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RingCurrentinNMRSpectroscopy
1216.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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RingCurrentinNMRSpectroscopy
• Ringcurrentisbelievedtobethebestexperimentalevidenceofaroma6ccharacter
• Outerprotons:9.28ppm
• Innerprotons:‐2.99ppm(!)
1316.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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1HNMRSpectroscopy
• Benzylicprotonsalsoexperienceadownfieldshidrela6vetoordinaryalkylabsorp6ons
• The‐OHabsorp6oninphenolsistypicallyhigher(δ5‐6)thanthatofalcohols(δ2‐3)
1416.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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CouplingConstantsofAroma<cProtons
1516.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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Para‐Subs<tutedBenzenes
• Apairof“leaningdoublets”withalargeorthocouplingischaracteris6c
1616.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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13CNMRSpectroscopy
• Benzene:δ 128.5• Mostbenzenederiva6ves:δ 110‐160
• Benzyliccarbons:δ 18‐30
• RecallthatcarbonsthatdonotbearHsareconsiderablysmallerinsize
1716.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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UV‐VisSpectroscopy
• Aroma6chydrocarbonstypicallyhavetwobands:210nm(strong),260(weak)
• Subs6tuentscanalterboththeλmaxvaluesandtheintensi6es
• Thisismorepronouncedwhenthesubs6tuentcanextendconjuga6onofthering
1816.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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UV‐VisSpectroscopy
1916.3SpectroscopyofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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ElectrophilicAroma<cSubs<tu<on
• Ahydrogenofanaroma6cringisreplacedbyanelectrophile
• Allelectrophilicaroma4csubs4tu4onreac4onsoccurbysimilarmechanisms
2016.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Halogena<onofBenzene
• Comparewiththeaddi4onproductforthatofanalkene
2116.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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MechanismofHalogena<on
2216.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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MechanismofHalogena<on
2316.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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ThreeMechanis<cStepsinEAS
1.Genera6onofanelectrophile2.Nucleophilicreac6onoftheπelectronsofthearoma6cringwiththeelectrophile
3.Lossofaprotonfromthecarboca6ontoformasubs6tutedaroma6ccompound
2416.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Nitra<onofBenzene
• Mechanism:
2516.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Nitra<onofBenzene
2616.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Sulfona<onofBenzene
• Mechanism:
2716.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Friedel‐CraMsAlkyla<onofBenzene
• Mechanism:
2816.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Friedel‐CraMsAlkyla<onofBenzene
• ComparetheroleofAlCl3withthatofFeBr3inthebromina6onreac6on
2916.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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RearrangementsinFriedel‐CraMsAlkyla<ons
• Stablecarboca6onsdonotrearrange
3016.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Overalkyla<oninFriedel‐CraMsAlkyla<ons
• Thealkylbenzeneproductsaretypicallymorereac4vethanbenzeneitself
• Alargeexcessofbenzenecanminimizethisproblem
3116.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Friedel‐CraMsAlkyla<ons
• Alkenesandalcoholscanalsobeusedasalkyla6ngreagents
3216.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Friedel‐CraMsAcyla<onofBenzene
• Theacylgroupistypicallyderivedfromanacidchloride
3316.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Friedel‐CraMsAcyla<onofBenzene
• Mechanism:
3416.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Friedel‐CraMsAcyla<onofBenzene
• Incontrasttothealkyla6onversion,oneequivalentofAlCl3isrequired
3516.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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IntramolecularFriedel‐CraMsReac<ons
• Boththealkyla6onandacyla6onscanoccurintramolecularly
• Thereac6onoccursatanorthoposi6onandisbestforfive‐andsix‐memberedrings
3616.4ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofBenzene
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Direc<ngEffectsofSubs<tuents
• Regioselec6vityisobservedinEASreac6onsonmonosubs6tutedbenzenerings
• Ortho,para‐direc6ng:
• Meta‐direc6ng:
3716.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Direc<ngandAc<va<ngEffects
3816.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Ortho,Para‐Direc<ngGroups
• Alkylgroups• Groupsthathaveunsharedelectronpairsonatomsdirectlyakachedtothebenzenering
3916.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Ortho,Para‐Direc<ngGroups
• Thechargeonthemeta‐derivedintermediatecannotbedelocalizedontothe‐OCH3group
4016.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Ortho,Para‐Direc<ngGroups
4116.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Ortho,Para‐Direc<ngGroups
• Alkylsubs6tutedbenzeneringshaveasimilarexplana6on
4216.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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TheOrtho,ParaRa<o
• Rarelydoo,p‐directorsprovidetwiceasmuchorthoproductasparaproduct
• Typicallyparapredominatesoverortho
• Some6mesthisisduetospa6aldemands,butmanycasesarelesseasilyexplained
• Fortunately,orthoandparaproductshavedifferentphysicalproper6esandcanbeseparated
4316.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Meta‐Direc<ngGroups
• Groupsthathaveposi6vechargesadjacenttothebenzenering
• Groupsthathavebonddipoleswithapar6alposi6vechargeadjacenttothebenzenering
4416.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Meta‐Direc<ngGroups
4516.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Meta‐Direc<ngGroups
4616.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Ac<va<ngandDeac<va<ngEffects
• Ac<va<nggroup:Agroupthatallowsthederiva6vetoreactmorerapidlythanbenzene
• Deac<va<nggroup:Agroupthatcausesthederiva6vetoreactmoreslowlythanbenzene
1.Allmeta‐directorsaredeac6va6ng
2.Allortho,para‐directorsareac6va6ng
3.Halogensaredeac6va6ng
4716.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Ac<va<ngandDeac<va<ngEffects
• Controlledbytwosimultaneouslyopera4ngproper6esofsubs6tuents
• Resonanceeffect:
• Polareffect:
4816.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Ac<va<ngandDeac<va<ngEffects
4916.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Ac<va<ngandDeac<va<ngEffects
• Orbitaloverlapmayalsoaffectthedegreetowhichtheresonanceeffectoperates
5016.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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UseofEASinOrganicSynthesis
• Withtwoormoresubs6tuents,theac6va6nganddirec6ngeffectsareroughlythesumoftheeffectsoftheindividualsubs6tuents
5116.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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UseofEASinOrganicSynthesis
5216.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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UseofEASinOrganicSynthesis
• SomeEASreac6onscanbecarriedoutunderverymildcondi6onsandwithoutacatalyst
5316.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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UseofEASinOrganicSynthesis
5416.5ElectrophilicAroma4cSubs4tu4onReac4onsofSubs4tutedBenzenes
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Hydrogena<on
• Aroma6cringsareresistanttohydrogena6on
• Moreextremecondi6onsaregenerallyrequired(higherTand/orP)
5516.6Hydrogena4onofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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Hydrogena<on
• Thereac6oncannotbeselec6velystopped
5616.6Hydrogena4onofBenzeneDeriva4ves
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Aroma<cHydrocarbons
• Themostcommonsourceofaroma6chydrocarbonsispetroleum
• Coaltarisanotherpoten6allyimportant,butcurrentlyminorsource
• Benzeneistheprinciplesourceofstyrene,ethylbenzene,andcumene
5716.7SourceandIndustrialUseofAroma4cHydrocarbons
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Aroma<cHydrocarbons
• Xylenesarealsoobtainedfrompetroleum• Para‐xyleneisthemostimportantofthese
• Virtuallytheen6reproduc6onofp‐xyleneisusedforprepara6onofterephthalicacid
• Terephthalicacidisusedinpolyestersynthesis
5816.7SourceandIndustrialUseofAroma4cHydrocarbons