chapter 16 motivating employees. the concept of motivation motivation - the arousal, direction, and...

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Chapter 16 Motivating Employees

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Page 1: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Chapter 16Motivating Employees

Page 2: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

The Concept of Motivation

• Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior

• Forces either intrinsic or extrinsic to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence

• Employee motivation affects productivity

• A manager’s job is to channel motivation toward the accomplishment of goals

Copyright ©2012 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2

Page 3: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

16.1 A Simple Model of Motivation

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Page 4: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Content Perspectives on Motivation

If managers understand employees’ needs, they can design appropriate reward systems

Needs motivate people

Needs translate into an internal drive that motivates behavior

People have a variety of needs

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Page 5: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

16.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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Page 6: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

ERG Theory

Existence needs - the needs for physical well-being

Relatedness needs - the needs for satisfactory relationships with others

Growth needs - the needs that focus on the development of human potential and the desire for personal growth

frustration–regression principle: failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need

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Page 7: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

16.3 The Motivational Benefits of Job Flexibility

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Page 8: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

16.4 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

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Page 9: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Acquired Needs

Need for achievement

Need for affiliation

Need for power

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Page 10: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Process Perspectives on Motivation

How people select behavioral actions

Goal Setting Theory

Equity Theory

Expectancy Theory

Copyright ©2012 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 10

Page 11: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Goal Setting Theory

• Increase motivation by setting goals

• Key components of the theory:» Goal specificity

» Goal difficulty

» Goal acceptance

» Feedback

Copyright ©2012 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 11

Page 12: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Equity Theory

• Individual perceptions of fairness• Perceived inequity can be reduced by:

» Changing work effort» Changing outcomes» Changing perception» Leaving the job

• Inequity occurs when the input-to-outcome ratios are out of balance

Copyright ©2012 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 12

Page 13: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Expectancy Theory

• Motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards

• E – P: putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance

• P – O: successful performance of a task will lead to the desired outcome

• Valence – the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome

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Page 14: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

16.5 Major Elements of Expectancy Theory

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Page 15: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Reinforcement Perspective on Motivation

Behavior ModificationReinforcement theory

techniques used to modify behavior

ReinforcementAn act that causes a

behavior to be repeated or inhibited

Law of EffectPositively reinforced behavior tends to be

repeated and unreinforced behavior

inhibited

Positive Reinforcement

Pleasant and rewarding consequences

following a desired behavior

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Page 16: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

16.6 Changing Behaviorwith Reinforcement

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Page 17: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Individual’s motivation can result from thoughts, beliefs, and observations

– Vicarious learning – observational learning from seeing others’ behaviors and rewards

– Self-reinforcement – motivating yourself by reaching goals and providing positive reinforcement for yourself

– Self-efficacy – belief about your own ability to accomplish tasks

Social Learning Theory

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Page 18: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Job Design for Motivation

Job Simplification

Job Rotation

Job Enlargement

Job Enrichment

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Page 19: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

16.7 The Job Characteristics Model

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Page 20: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Dimensions that determine a job’s motivational potential:

Skill variety Task identity Task significance Autonomy Feedback

Core Job Dimensions

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Based on:

→ Critical Psychological States

→ Personal and Work Outcomes

→ Employee Growth-Need Strength

Page 21: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Innovative Ideas for Motivating

• Organizations are using various types of incentive compensation to motivate employees to higher levels of performance

• Variable compensation is a key motivational tool

• Incentive plans can backfire

– They should be combined with motivational ideas and intrinsic rewards

• Incentives should reward the desired behavior

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Page 22: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

16.8 New Motivational Compensation Programs

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Page 23: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Empowering People to Meet Higher Needs

Employees receive information about company performance

Employees have knowledge and skills to contribute to company goals

Employees have the power to make substance decisions

Employees are rewarded based on company performance

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Page 24: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

16.9 A Continuum of Empowerment

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Page 25: Chapter 16 Motivating Employees. The Concept of Motivation Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior Forces either intrinsic or

Giving Meaning to Work through Engagement

• Instill a sense of support and meaning

• Help employees obtain intrinsic reward

• Focus on learning, contribution, and growth

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