chapter 16 guided notes
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 16 Guided NotesTRANSCRIPT
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C H A P T E R 1 6
GENETICS: THE SCIENCE OF HEREDITY
Mendel’s Work(pages 556-561)
This section describes how Gregor Mendel identified the method by whichcharacteristics are passed from parents to their offspring.
Introduction (page 556)
1. Gregor Mendel experimented with thousands of pea plants to
understand the process of .
Match the term with its definition.
Term
2. heredity
3. genetics
4. traits
Mendel’s Peas (pages 556–557)
5. Circle the letter of the characteristic in pea plants that make them goodfor studying the passing of traits from parent to offspring.
a. Peas produce small numbers of offspring.
b. Peas readily cross-pollinate in nature.
c. Peas have many traits that exist in only two forms.
d. Peas do not have stamens.
6. In a flower, the female sex cells, or eggs, are produced by the
. The male sex cells are produced by the
.
SECTION
16–1
Definition
a. The scientific study of heredity
b. Characteristics that parents pass to offspring
c. The passing of traits from parents to offspring
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Mendel’s Experiments (pages 557–558)
7. Why did Mendel use purebred plants in his experiments?
8. Complete the flowchart below, which summarizes Mendel’s firstexperiment with pea plants.
CHAPTER 16, Genetics: The Science of Heredity (continued)
Other Inherited Characteristics (page 558)
9. Circle the letter of other traits in garden peas that Mendel studied. Lookat Figure 3 on page 559.
a. seed size, seed shape, seed color
b. seed color, pod color, flower color
c. flower size, pod shape, seed coat color
d. pod color, seed shape, flower position
Purebred tall plants are crossed with purebred
plants.
F1 offspring are all .
F1 offspring are allowed to self-pollinate.
F2 offspring are and
.
Mendel’s Experiment
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10. Two forms of the trait of seed shape in pea plants are
and .
Dominant and Recessive Alleles (page 559)
11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about alleles.
a. Genes are factors that control traits.
b. Alleles are different forms of a gene.
c. Dominant alleles always show up in the organism when the allele ispresent.
d. Recessive alleles mask dominant alleles.
12. Is the following sentence true or false? Only pea plants that have two
recessive alleles for short stems will be short.
Understanding Mendel’s Crosses (page 560)
Match the pea plant with its combination of alleles.
Pea Plant
13. purebred short
14. purebred tall
15. hybrid tall
Using Symbols in Genetics (pages 560–561)
16. A dominant allele is represented by a(n) letter.
17. A recessive allele is represented by a(n) letter.
18. How would a geneticist write the alleles to show that a tall pea plant has
one allele for tall stems and one allele for short stems?
Mendel’s Contribution (page 561)
19. Is the following sentence true or false? Some scientists during Mendel’stime thought Mendel should be called the Father of Genetics.
Combination of Alleles
a. Two alleles for tall stems
b. One allele for tall stems and one allelefor short stems
c. Two alleles for short stems
Probability and Genetics(pages 564-569)
This section explains what probability is and how the laws of probability can be usedin the study of genetics.
Introduction (page 564)
1. The likelihood that a particular event will occur is called
.
Principles of Probability (page 565)
2. Circle the letter of each answer that equals the probability that a tossedcoin will land heads up.
a. 1 in 2
b. 1⁄2
c. 50 percent
d. 20 percent
SECTION
16–2
Concept maps can help you organize the terms and ideas in a chapter. Make a concept map toshow the relationships among the key terms genes, alleles, recessive alleles, and dominantalleles. For more information about concept maps, see page 688 in the Skills Handbook of yourtextbook. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper.
Reading Skill Practice
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20. Is the following sentence true or false? The importance of Mendel’swork was not recognized until 34 years after he presented his results to
a scientific society.
CHAPTER 16, Genetics: The Science of Heredity (continued)
Tt
Tt
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3. Is the following sentence true or false? When you toss a coin 20 times,
you will always get 10 heads and 10 tails.
4. If you toss a coin five times and it lands heads up each time, can youexpect the coin to land heads up on the sixth toss? Explain.
Mendel and Probability (page 566)
5. When Mendel crossed two hybrid plants for stem height (Tt), what
results did he always get?
6. Mendel realized that the principles of probability could be used to
the results of genetic crosses.
Predicting Genetice Outcomes (pages 566–567)
7. A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can
result from a genetic cross is called a(n) .
8. Write in the alleles of the parents and the possible allele combinations of theoffspring in the Punnett square below.
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9. Calculate the probability that an offspring in the Punnett square on
page 209 will be TT.
10. In the Punnett square on page 209, what possible allele combinations
can a tall offspring have?
Phenotypes and Genotypes (page 568)
Match the term with its definition.
Term
11. phenotype
12. genotype
13. homozygous
14. heterozygous
15. Mendel used the term to describe heterozygouspea plants.
Codominance (pages 568–569)
16. Is the following sentence true or false? In codominance, the alleles are
neither dominant nor recessive.
17. A black Erminette chicken is crossed with a white Erminette chicken.
What color are the offspring?
18. In cattle, red hair and white hair are codominant. Cattle with both
white hair and red hair are .
CHAPTER 16, Genetics: The Science of Heredity (continued)
Definition
a. Describes an organism with twoidentical alleles for a trait
b. An organism’s physical appearance,or observable traits
c. An organism’s genetic makeup,or allele combinations
d. Describes an organism that has twodifferent alleles for a trait
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The Cell and Inheritance(pages 572-576)
This section describes how one set of chromosomes from each parent is passed on tothe offspring.
Introduction (page 572)
1. The male sex cell is a(n) . The female sex cell is a(n)
.
Chromosomes and Inherited Characteristics (page 573)
2. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about what Sutton observed.
a. Grasshopper sex cells have half the number of chromosomes as body cells.
b. Grasshopper body cells have half the number of chromosomes as sex cells.
c. Grasshopper body cells and sex cells have the same number ofchromosomes.
d. When grasshopper sex cells join, the fertilized egg has the same numberof chromosomes as the body cells of the parents.
3. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance?
Meiosis (pages 574–575)
4. Complete the cycle diagram about meiosis.
SECTION
16–3
Parent cell with four chromosomes are
arranged in pairs.
Sex cells combine to produce offspring.
Each offspring has
chromosomes, one pair from each parent.
Chromosome pairs
and are
distributed to sex cells. Each sex cell has
chromosomes.
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5. What is meiosis?
Meiosis and Punnett Squares (page 574)
6. A Punnett square is a shorthand way to show the events that occur at
.
7. Is the following sentence true or false? When chromosome pairs separate
into different sex cells, the alleles of genes stay together.
8. If the male parent cell is heterozygous for a trait, Tt, what alleles could
the sperm cells possibly have?
Chromosomes (page 576)
9. Human body cells contain pairs, or chromosomes.
10. Is the following sentence true or false? Larger organisms always havemore chromosomes in their body cells than smaller organisms.
11. How are the genes lined up in a pair of chromosomes?
CHAPTER 16, Genetics: The Science of Heredity (continued)
The photographs and illustrations in textbooks can help you better understand what you arereading. Look at Figure 14 on page 576. Describe the idea that this figure is showing. Do yourwork on a separate sheet of paper.
Reading Skill Practice
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The DNA Connection(pages 577-582)
This section tells how the DNA molecule is related to genes, chromosomes, and theinheritance of traits.
The Genetic Code (pages 577–578)
1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about genes, chromosomes,and proteins.
a. Genes control the production of proteins in an organism’s cells.
b. Proteins help determine the size, shape, and other traits of an organism.
c. Chromosomes are made up mostly of proteins.
d. A single gene on a chromosome contains only one pair of nitrogen bases.
2. A DNA molecule is made up of these four nitrogen bases.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. What is the genetic code?
4. Protein molecules are made up of
5. One group of three nitrogen bases codes for one .
How Cells Make Proteins (pages 578–581)
6. What happens during protein synthesis?
SECTION
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CHAPTER 16, Genetics: The Science of Heredity (continued)
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7. Proteins are made on in the cytoplasm of the cell.
8. Complete this Venn diagram to show some of the similarities anddifferences between DNA and RNA.
9. List two kinds of RNA and tell their jobs.
a.
b.
10. Circle the letter of the first step in protein synthesis.
a. Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome.
b. The ribosome releases the completed protein chain.
c. Messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome.
d. DNA “unzips” to direct the production of a strand of messenger RNA.
DNA
Stays inside
the nucleus
Adenine
Guanine
RNA
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11. Circle the letter of the last step in protein synthesis.
a. Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome.
b. The ribosome releases the completed protein chain.
c. Messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome.
d. DNA “unzips” to direct the production of a strand of messenger RNA.
Mutations (pages 580–582)
12. What is a mutation?
13. How can mutations affect protein synthesis in cells?
14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mutations.
a. Cells with mutations will always make normal proteins.
b. Some mutations occur when one nitrogen base is substituted foranother.
c. Some mutations occur when chromosomes don’t separate correctlyduring meiosis.
d. Mutations that occur in a body cell can be passed on to an offspring.
15. Mutations can be a source of genetic .
16. Is the following sentence true or false? All mutations are helpful.
17. Whether a mutation is harmful or not depends partly on an
organism’s .
18. Mutations that are improve an organism’s chancesfor survival and reproduction.
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WordWiseUse the clues below to identify key terms from Chapter 16. Write the terms below, puttingone letter in each blank. When you finish, the word enclosed in the diagonal lines will revealwhat Mendel studied.
CHAPTER 16, Genetics: The Science of Heredity (continued)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
1. The process by which the number ofchromosomes is reduced by half in sexcells
2. A chart that shows all possible allelecombinations resulting from a geneticcross
3. An organism’s physical appearance
4. RNA that is a copy of the DNA messagethat can enter the cytoplasm
5. An organism that has two differentalleles for a trait
6. Likelihood that a certain event will occur
7. An allele whose trait always shows up inthe organism when the allele is present
8. Physical characteristic of an organism
9. A factor that controls a trait
10. The scientific study of heredity
11. One that always produces offspring withthe same form of a trait as the parent
Clues