chapter 15 second great awakening and reform many of the significant reform movements in american...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 15Second Great Awakening
and Reform
Many of the significant reform movements in American history began during the Jacksonian era and in the following
decades. The goals of these reformers included temperance, suffrage, education
and the abolition of slavery
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Deism Embraced by many of the
Founding Fathers, including Jefferson and Franklin
Deists relied on the concept of reason rather than revelation, on science rather than the Bible
They rejected the concept of original sin and denied Christ’s divinity
Yet Deists believed in a Supreme Being who had created the universe
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The Second Great Awakening In response to the
“liberalism” of religion, revivals sprang up
Religious revivals swept across the U.S. in the early 19th century
Successful preachers were audience centered and easily understood by the uneducated
They offered salvation for all
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1839 Methodist camp meeting
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Revivalism in New York In 1823, a Presbyterian
minister named Charles G. Finney started a series of religious revivals in upstate NY
All were free to be saved through faith and hard work
Western NY became known as the “burned-over district” for its “hell and brimstone” revivals
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The “Burned-Over District”
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The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York
The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York
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Finney and Rochester Finney arrived in Rochester
in Sept., 1830, after taking a “packet canal boat” on the Erie Canal
He would stay until June,1831
Many historians claim that Rochester was his most successful revival
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Revivalism In the South, Baptist and
Methodist preachers traveled and preached
Circuit preachers attracted thousands to outdoor revival meetings
These preachers converted many of the unchurched into respectable members of the community
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Mormons (Church of the Latter-Day Saints)
Joseph Smith Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 in upstate NY (Palmyra)
Facing persecution, Mormons moved from NY to OH, MO and IL
Facing more problems in IL, Brigham Young led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake, UT
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The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek”
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Effects of the Second Great Awakening
Like the first, it caused new divisions in society between the newer, evangelical sects and the older Protestant churches
Only in northern states did the Great Awakening play a significant role in social reform
Activist religious groups provided the leadership that drove reform
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Ideas, the Arts and Literature Transcendentalists:
individualistic, questioned doctrines of churches, challenged materialism, supported many reforms
Ralph Waldo Emerson: wrote essays and gave lectures evoking a nationalistic spirit for Americans by urging them not to imitate European culture but create an entirely original American culture. Against slavery
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Ideas, the Arts and Literature Henry David Thoreau: close
friend to Emerson Lived by himself for two years
in woods outside Concord, MA
Walden, published in 1854 Observation of nature , truths
about life Essay: “On Civil
Disobedience” advocates nonviolent protest, not obeying unjust laws (Gandhi, King)
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Communal Experiments
Shaker Meeting, 1885 Withdrawing from conventional society to create an ideal community or utopia
Open lands proved a fertile ground for over a hundred experimental communities
Shakers, New Harmony, Oneida community
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Arts and Literature Frederick Church
emphasized the beauty of the American landscape
Twilight in the Wilderness (1859)
George Caleb Bingham paints common people in various settings
Raftsmen Playing Cards (1847)
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Reforming Society - Temperance American Temperance
Society founded in 1826 Protestant ministers and
others felt alcohol led to many social ills (crime and poverty)
Total abstinence Opposition by German and
Irish immigrants Path to middle-class
respectability
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Reforming Society – Public Asylums What happens to the
criminals, emotionally disturbed persons and paupers?
Often forced to live in horrendous conditions
Dorothea Dix (school teacher from MA) works tirelessly to improve conditions for emotionally disturbed persons – 1840s
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Public Education Middle class reformers
focused on need for est. free public schools for children of all classes
Motivated by growing number of immigrants and poor
Horace Mann was leading advocate
Working in MA, for improved schools and tax supported schools
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Higher Education Second Great Awakening
fuels the growth of private colleges
Protestant denominations founded schools in new states (OH, IL, IN)
Some schools begin to admit women (Oberlin College in OH)
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Women’s Rights Seneca Falls Convention,
1848 NY, leading women meet at the first women’s rights convention in American history
Issue a document modeled on Dec. of Indepedence
Declaration of Sentiments “All men and women are
created equal” Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Susan B. Anthony
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Women’s Rights
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Women’s Rights
Susan B. Anthony House Mostly a middle class movement
Campaigning for equal voting, legal and property rights
Susan B. Anthony lived in Rochester
Arrested for voting in 1872 In 1850s, women’s rights is
overshadowed by the slavery crisis
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Anthony and Frederick Douglass
“Let’s Have Tea”
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Frederick Douglas-Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge
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Antislavery Movement
Second Great Awakening encourages movement
American Colonization Society: transporting freed slaves to Liberia in Africa
American Antislavery Society: in 1831 William Lloyd Garrison began to publish The Liberator
Wanted immediate emancipation
Founded Am. Antis. Soc.
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Antislavery Movement
James Birney Liberty party: group of northerners look to take political action
Formed in1840 Ran James Birney for
president in 1840 and 1844 In 1840 he received 7,000
popular votes and no electoral votes
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Antislavery Movement Frederick Douglass:
escaped slave, lived in Rochester
In 1847 begins journal, The North Star
Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman, Sojourner
Truth and William Still
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Frederick Douglass and Rochester “This Fourth of July is yours, not
mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn. . . . What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer; a day that reveals to him, more than any other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim.”
• Frederick Douglass
• Rochester, NY 1852
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Anthony and Douglass Gravesites: Mt. Hope Cemetery
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Antislavery Movement Some African-Americans
had a very radical view – slaves should rebel against their “masters”
Denmark Vesey led ill fated rebellion in NC in 1822
In 1831, Nat Turner, a slave in VA, led a revolt that killed 55 whites
In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of blacks
Fear
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Underground Railroad