CHAPTER 15

ROOSEVELT AND

THE NEW DEAL

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• Polio• Good speaker• Calm• Persuasive• Elected Nov. 1932• The New Deal• Inaugurated Mar.

1933• 20th Amendment

100 DAYS• First 100 days of a president’s

term• The country looks to see if the

president is doing what he said• FDR got congress to pass 15

major acts in his first 100 days

THE NEW DEAL• Roosevelt’s program to help the

country out of the Depression• Not based on a single

philosophy • Goals

– Financial Reform– Economic Recovery– Relief for the Needy

First Order of Business – Declare a Bank Holiday

Glass Steagall Act– Federal Deposit

Insurance Corporation - FDIC

Fireside

Chats

Federal Securities Act• Securities and Exchange

Commission– SEC– Stock Market

FDIC

CWA

NIRA

WPA

CCC

ALPHABET SOUP

SEC

NRA

SSA AAA

FDIC

CWA

NIRA

WPA

CCCPWA

Helping the American People

• Agricultural Adjustment Act – AAA– Paid farmers to . . . . .

• Tennessee Valley Authority– TVA– Helped to electrify . . . . .

• Civilian Conservation Corps– CCC– 18-25 men– Roads, trees, flood control. . . .– $30 a month - $25 sent home

• Public Works Administration– PWA– Construction jobs –

• Mainly schools and community buildings

– Civil Works Administraion• CWA-- Same as PWA just more!

• National Industrial Recovery Act– NIRA– Established codes of fair practice– Established the National

Recovery Administration•NRA•Set prices and established standards

– Guaranteed right to unionize and collective bargaining

– Home Owners Loan Corporation•HOLC•Government loans to homeowners that faced

foreclosure – Federal Housing Administration

•FHA•Loans for home mortgages and repairs

– Federal Emergency Relief Administration•FERA•Provided direct relief

– $500 million»Half evenly to states»Other half earned - $3 for $1

THE NEW DEAL COMES UNDER ATTACK

• Too little help• Too much interference

SUPREME COURT

• Began to decide that some of the New Deal programs were unconstitutional

• Ruled the NIRA unconstitutional

• Ruled the AAA unconstitutional

Court Packing Bill

• Roosevelt’s plan to restructure the Supreme Court

• Six new seats– 9 to 15

Nine Old Men

Critics of the New Deal

•American Liberty League– Believed it violated the respect

for the rights of individuals and property

– Organized by. . .

Charles Coughlin

• Catholic priest• Guaranteed

national income• Nationalized banks• Became anti-

Semitic

Francis Townsend

• Doctor • Believed FDR was

not doing enough for the elderly and poor

• Developed a pension plan for elderly

Huey Long

• Traveling salesman, LA gov., US senator

• SHARE OUR WEALTH– “Every man a

king”

SECTION 2

SECOND NEW DEAL TAKES HOLD

SECOND NEW DEALSecond Hundred Days

• FDR wanted more so he launched a second wave of programs

• Eleanor Roosevelt– Domestic

issues

1936 Election• FDR against Landon

• African Americans

• Landslide– Every state but two

•Maine and Vermont

• AAA Returns• Farm Security Administration

– FSA– Loans to tenant farmers to buy

land

Extending Relief• Works Progress Administration

– WPA– Jobs

• Federal Number One– Division of WPA– Artists, writers performers

• National Youth Administration– NYA– Provided education, jobs, counseling,

recreation

WAGNER ACT National Labor Relations Act

• Established 1. Collective bargaining2. Right of workers to unionize3. Listed unfair labor practices4. Established the NATIONAL

LABOR RELATIONS BOARD– Hears testimony about unfair labor

practices (binding arbitration)– Held elections to decide on

unionizations

Fair Labor Standards Act• Maximum Hours

– 44 hours– 40 hours two years later

• Minimum Wage– .25 cents– By 1945 - .40 cents

• Minimum Age– 16 years– 18 if work is dangerous/hazardous

Social Security Act

• Old Age Insurance– 65 or older

• Unemployment System• Aid to families with dependent

children and the disabled

Rural Electrification Administration

• REA• Bring electricity to rural areas

– 1945 – 48%– 1949 – 90%

SECTION 3

The New Deal Affects Many Groups

Francis Perkins

• 1st woman appointed to the cabinet

• Secretary of Labor

• Other Appointments– Two Diplomats– One Federal Judge

African Americans

• MARY McLEOD BETHUNE– Helped organize

the Black Cabinet

– Members •William Hastie•Robert Weaver

• Marian Anderson– African American Singer– Daughters of the American

Revolution – Eleanor Roosevelt– Lincoln Memorial

FDR and CIVIL RIGHTS• Never committed

– Afraid of loosing southern Democrat votes• No federal anti-lynching laws• No end of poll tax• Some New Deal programs discriminated

against African Americans• Still African Americans supported him

because . . . .

Mexican Americans

• Supported FDR • Mainly migrant farmers in the

Southwest• CCC and WPA discriminated

against those without a permanent address

Native Americans• John Collier

– Commissioner of Indian Affairs

• Indian Reorganization Act– Moved away from assimilation to autonomy

• Economic– Lands belong to entire tribe

• Cultural– Boarding schools reduces enrollment– Schools on reservations

• Political– Elect tribal councils to govern reservations

• The New Deal Coalition– Diverse group dedicated to

supporting the Democratic Party

• Labor Unions Flourish– Pro-labor New Deal legislation passed– Membership grew– Sit-Down Strikes

•Still in factories •Owners cannot hire strikebreakers

because they are in the way!

CULTURE IN THE 1930S

• Movies– Gone With the Wind– Wizard of OZ– Snow White– Marx Brothers

• Radio– Fireside Chats– Orson Wells– Comedy– Lone Ranger– Soap Operas

• Arts– Federal Number One– Grant Wood– Woody Guthrie– Richard Wright– John Steinbeck– Photo Journalism - LIFE

SECTIN 5

The Impact of the New Deal

A THIRD NEW DEAL ???

NONo more deficit spending!

Troubles in Europe. . . .

Supporters and Critics•Again . . . .

–Too little help–Too much interference

•Some said the New Deal had a reasonable balance between capitalism and socialism

The Legacy of the New Deal

Governments expanding role in the economy

• FDIC• SEC• Works Programs

• All affected our spending power somehow

• Protecting workers rights– Wagner Act– Fair Labor Standards Act– National Labor Relations Board

• Banking and Finance– SEC– Glass-Steagall Act

•FDIC

• Social Security– Probably the biggest legacy – still

in place– The government has taken the

responsibility for the welfare of its citizens

• Rural America– AAA– Rural Electrification Administration– FSA

• Environmental– CCC

•Reforestation•Fire stations•Trails and national parks

– Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The New Deal did not end the Great Depression!!!

It made life easier.

It was the government spending on World War II supplies that ended the Depression.