chapter 15: nervous system and behavioral health
TRANSCRIPT
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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYChapter 15: Nervous System and Behavioral Health
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Chapter 15 Abbreviations
CNS ADD ADHD CP CVA HA LOC MS TIA
central nervous system attention deficit disorder attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder cerebral palsy cerebrovascular accident headache loss of consciousness multiple sclerosis transient ischemic attack (little
strokes)
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Chapter 15 Abbreviations
CSF ICP CT EEG LP MRI A&O PERL BA ETOH
cerebrospinal fluid intracranial pressure computerized tomography electroencephalogram lumbar puncture magnetic resonance imaging alert and oriented pupils equal and react to light blood alcohol (drinking alcohol) ethyl alcohol (drinking alcohol)
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The Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and may be divided into two parts: CNS (brain
& spinal cord) & PNS (all other nerves) Function
Forms a complex communication system allowing for the coordination of body functions and activities
Also designed to detect changes inside and outside the body, to evaluate this sensory info., and to send directions to muscles or glands in response
Mental activities such as thought, memory, and emotions
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The Nervous System
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The Nervous System
Organs of the CNS Brain
contained within the cranium, the center for coordinating body activities
cerebrum: largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. Controls the skeletal muscles, interprets general senses (such as temp., pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum
ventricles: spaces within the brain that contain a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid, which flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
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The Nervous System
cerebellum: located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum. Assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles and to maintain balance (hindbrain)
brainstem stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the
spinal cord. 10 of 12 cranial nerves originate here pons: literally means bridge. Connects the
cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem medulla oblongata: located between the pons and
spinal cord. It contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure
midbrain: most superior portion of the brainstem
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The Nervous System
cerebrospinal fluid clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles. It
cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste
spinal cord passes through the vertebral canal extending from
the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. Conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain
meninges: three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
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The Nervous System
dura mater: tough outer layer of the meninges
arachnoid: delicate middle layer of the meninges. Loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space
pia mater: thin inner layer of the meninges
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The Nervous System
Organs of the PNS nerve
cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
ganglion (pl. ganglia): group of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS
glia: specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue. Some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and others assist with phagocytosis. They do not conduct impulses. Three types are astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia (also called neuroglia)
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The Nervous System
neuron: a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system. Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced.
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Word Parts for the Nervous SystemCombining Form Definition
cerebell/o
cerebr/o dur/o encephal/o gangli/o,
ganglion/o mening/o,
meningi/o
cerebellum – balance and coordination portion of brain
cerebrum – thinking part of brain dura mater, outermost meninge brain ganglion (collection of nerve
endings outside CNS) meninges – 3 layers around
brain and spinal cord (dura, pia, arachnoid)
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Word Parts for the Nervous SystemCombining FormDefinition
myel/o neur/o radic/o,
radicul/o, rhiz/o
spinal cord nerve nerve root (anterior and posterior
fibers from spinal cord that comprise spinal nerve)
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Word Parts commonly used with Nervous SystemCombining FormDefinition
esthesi/o ment/o,
psych/o mon/o phas/o quadr/i
sensation, feeling mind one, single speech four
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Word Parts for theNervous SystemSuffix Definition
-iatrist -iatry -ictal -paresis
specialist, physician specialty, study of or field of seizure, attack slight paralysis
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Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition
cerebellitis cerebral thrombosis duritis encephalitis encephalomalacia encephalomyeloradiculiti
s gangliitis meningioma meningitis meningocele
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Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition
meningomyelocele mononeuropathy neuralgia neurasthenia neuritis neuroarthropathy neuroma neuropathy polyneuritis polyneuropathy
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Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition
radiculitis radiculopathy rhizomeningomyelitis subdural hematoma
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition
cerebral aneurysm
cerebral embolism
dementia
aneurysm in the cerebrum
an embolus lodges in a cerebral artery, causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue. A common cause of cerebral embolism, a type of ischemic stroke, is atrial fibrillation
cognitive impairment characterized by a loss of intellectual brain function. Patients have difficulty in various ways, including difficulty in performing complex tasks, reasoning, learning and retaining new information, orientation, word finding, and behavior
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition
epilepsy
hydrocephalus
sciatica
condition characterized by recurrent seizures; a general term given to a group of neurologic disorders, all characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain
increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, which can cause enlargement of the cranium in infants
inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition
stroke occurs when there is an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients. The cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes. The parts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dysfunction Speech, movement, memory, and other CNS
functions may be affected in varying degrees.
Ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel, Hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding. (also called cerebrovascular accident [CVA], or brain attack)
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time. Symptoms may be similar to those of
stroke, but with TIA the symptoms are temporary and the usual outcome is complete recovery. TIAs are often warning signs for eventual occurrence of a stroke
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Med Terms (from word parts)[Surgical Terms]Term Definition
ganglionectomy neurectomy neurolysis neuroplasty neurorrhaphy neurotomy radicotomy rhizotomy
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Med Terms (from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms]Term Definition
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING cerebral angiography
NEURODIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES electroencephalogram
(EEG) electroencephalograph electroencephalograph
y
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms]Term Definition
computed tomography of the brain (CT scan)
process that includes the use of a computer to produce a series of brain tissue images at any desired depth. Procedure is painless and
particularly useful in diagnosing brain tumors
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Imaging]Term Definition
magnectic resonance imaging of the brain or spine (MRI scan)
a noninvasive technique that produces sectional images of soft tissues of the brain or spine through a strong magnetic field. Unlike a CT scan, MRI produces images w/o use of radiation Used to visualize tumors, edema,
multiple sclerosis, and herniated disks
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms]Term Definition
positron emission tomography of the brain (PET scan)
nuclear medicine imaging techniqe with a radioactive substance that produces sectional imaging of the brain to examine blood flow and metabolic activity. images are projected on a viewing
screen
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Imaging]Term Definition
lumbar puncture (LP)
insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. It is performed for many reasons,
including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes (also called spinal tap)
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Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition
anesthesia aphasia cephalalgia cerebral craniocerebral dysphasia encephalosclerosis hemiparesis hemiplegia hyperesthesia
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Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition
interictal intracerebral mental monoparesis monoplegia myelomalacia neuroid neurologist neurology panplegia
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Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition
paresthesia postictal preictal quadriplegia subdural
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition
afferent
ataxia cognitive
coma concussion
conveying toward a center (i.e. afferent nerves carry impulses to the central nervous system)
lack of muscle coordination pert. to the mental processes of
comprehension, judgment, memory, and reason
state of profound unconsciousness injury to the brain caused by major or
minor head trauma; symptoms include vertigo, headache, and possible loss of consciousness
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition
conscious convulsion
disorientation
efferent
gait
awake, alert, aware of one’s surroundings
sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; may be present during a seizure
a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity
conveying away from the center (i.e. efferent nerves carry information away from the central nervous system)
a manner or style of walking
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition
incoherent
paraplegia
seizure
shunt
unable to express one’s thought or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner
paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord
sudden surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors
tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition
syncope
unconsciousness
fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
state of being unaware of surrounding and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness, or drugs
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Med Terms (from word parts)[Behavioral Health]Term Definition
psychiatrist psychiatry psychogenic psychologist psychology psychopathy psychosis (pl.
psychoses) psychosomatic
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Med Terms (not from word parts)[Behavioral Health]DELETED TERMS
anorexia nervosa anxiety disorder attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
autism bipolar disorder bulimia nervosa major depression
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
panic attack phobia pica posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) schizophrenia somatoform disorders
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Neurological Assessment
1. A + O x 3 = alert and oriented times three (person place and time)
[alert – what does the patient respond to? – voice, touch, pain]
2. PERL – pupils equal and reactive to light3. Mentation – ability to think4. Reflexes
LOC = level of consciousness or loss of consciousness