chapter 15 fire control. 15–2 chapter 15 lesson goal after completing this lesson, the student...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 15— Fire Control
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15–2
Chapter 15 Lesson Goal
After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to attack various types of fires, using effective attack tactics & attack Class B fires & coordinate interior attacks
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15–3
Coordination When Suppressing Structure Fires
• Fire attack on burning structure must be coordinated
• When fighting any fire, FFs should always work as a team under direction of a supervisor
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15–4
Actions to Take
• Advancing hoseline teams should carry equipment needed to perform a variety of tasks
• Certain equipment carried by teams advancing hoselines
• Person at nozzle has responsibilities before entering building/area
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15–5
Actions to Take
• When structure/major contents are involved in fire, FFs should wait at entrance, staying low, out of doorway until fire officer gives order to advance
• Before entry, extinguish fires showing in exterior overhangs/around entry or egress points
(Continued)
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15–6
Actions to Take
• Whenever possible, approach & attack fire from unburned side to keep it from spreading throughout structure
• Once fire is contained, determine area of origin, protect evidence before overhaul & extinguishment
(Continued)
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15–7
Actions to Take
• SCBA must be worn during overhaul, extinguishment
• Valuables found during overhaul should be turned in to supervisor
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15–8
Hoseline Selection Factors
• Fire conditions
• Fire load & material involved
• Volume of water needed for extinguishment
• Stream reach needed
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15–9
Hoseline Selection Factors
• Number of FFs available to advance hoselines
• Need for speed, mobility
• Tactical requirements
• Ease of hoseline deployment
• Potential fire spread
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15–10
Stream Selection
• Dictated by fire situation, capabilities of nozzle being used
• Solid-stream nozzle projects water in more-or-less solid mass
(Continued)
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15–11
Stream Selection
Combination (fog) nozzles project water in range of patterns
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Straight Stream
• Used when ventilation holes are not big enough or ventilation is delayed
• Used in direct attack
15–12
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Fog Patterns
• Provide streams that are effective at cooling hot gases
• Have less reach & penetration than straight or solid streams
• Wide fog patterns can protect FFs from radiant heat, but can be affected by wind
15–13
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15–14
Converting Water to Steam
• Critical to heat absorption
• Excess steam production can obscure vision, inflict steam burns
• Appropriate water application methods critical
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15–15
Pre-Entry Considerations
• Conduct quick size-up
• Maintain high level of situation awareness
• Read fire behavior indicators
• Understand crew’s tactical assignment
(Continued)
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15–16
Pre-Entry Considerations
• Identify potential emergency escape routes
• Assess forcible entry requirements
• Identify hazards
• Verify that radios are working, on right channel, being received
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15–17
Opening Doors
• If door to fire area must be opened, all FFs should stay low & to one side of doorway
• Check door for heat before opening
• Control the door when opening
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15–18
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What should be done if smoke is escaping at the top of a doorway that is about to be opened?
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15–19
Gas Cooling
• Not a fire extinguishment method; way of reducing hazard presented by hot gas layer
• Effective when faced with shielded fire
Shielded fire: FF cannot apply water directly to fire
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15–20
Hot Gas Layer
• Hot gas layer accumulating in upper levels of compartment presents problems
Remember: Smoke is fuel!
• Cooling hot gas layer reduces chance of rollover or flashover
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15–21
Cooling Hot Gas Layer
• Apply short bursts of water fog into it
• Repeat technique as necessary while hose team advances under gas layer toward fire
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Fire Attack
• To achieve extinguishment , water must be applied to absorb heat faster than it is being generated
• Consider fire load & material involved
• Consider amount of water flow needed
15–22
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Fire Attack
• Interior or compartment fires are oxygen or ventilation dependent
Must have sufficient oxygen to burn
• Outside or exterior fires are fuel dependent
Will burn as long as there is sufficient fuel available
15–23
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15–24
Direct Attack
Most efficient use of water on free-burning fires made by direct attack
(Continued)
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15–25
Direct Attack
• Usually from straight or solid stream
• Water applied in short bursts directly to base of fire
• Water should not be applied too long or the thermal layer is upset
Steam production forces smoke & heat to the floor
(Continued)
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Indirect Attack
• Used when FFs unable to enter burning building/compartment
• Can be made from outside compartment through window or other small opening
15–26
(Continued)
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Indirect Attack
• Once fire is darkened down & space has been ventilated & the hose advanced to extinguish hot spots
• Not ideal method of attack where building occupants may still be inside
15–27
(Continued)
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15–28
Indirect Attack
• May be only method of attack until temperatures reduced
• Fog stream is directed at ceiling
• Heat converts water spray to steam, which fills room
• Water should not be applied too long or the thermal layer is upset
Steam production forces smoke & heat to the floor
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15–29
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What is the difference between a direct & indirect attack?
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15–30
Combination Attack
Uses heat-absorbing technique of a ceiling level attack followed by application of fire stream near the floor on the materials burning
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Combination Attack
• Straight or power cone fog stream
• Stream directed at ceiling in “T”, “Z”, or “O” pattern
15–31
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15–32
Master Streams
• Used in situations where fire is beyond effectiveness of handlines or there is need for fire streams in areas unsafe for FFs
• Main uses for master streams:
Direct fire attack
Backup handlines that are already attacking fire from the exterior
Exposure protection
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15–33
Positioning Master Stream
• Must be properly positioned to apply effective master stream on fire
• Master stream can be adjusted up, down & left, right
• Once in operation, must be shut down if device is to be moved
(Continued)
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15–34
Positioning Master Stream
• Stream should be aimed so it enters structure at upward angle, deflects off ceiling or other overhead objects
• Desirable to place master stream device in location that allows stream to cover most surface area of building
(Continued)
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15–35
Supplying Master Streams
• Master stream devices can have high friction loss in supply hose
• Because master streams are used mostly in defensive firefighting, shut down handlines to keep from reducing water supply for master streams
(Continued)
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15–36
Staffing Master Stream Devices
• Usually takes minimum of 2 FFs to deploy master stream device, supply water to it
• Once portable master stream device in place, can be operated by 1 FF
• Some situations may be too dangerous to have FFs stationed at master stream device
(Continued)
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15–37
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What should be done if a master stream device starts to move?
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15–38
Elevated Master Stream Devices
• Used to apply water to upper stories of multistory buildings, either in direct attack or to supply handlines
• Delivered by aerial devices
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15–39
Quints
• Engines equipped with hydraulically operated extension ladder or aerial apparatus equipped with pump
• Main ladders range in length
(Continued)
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15–40
Quints
• Have waterways pre-plumbed to pumps
• Only external support needed is water supply
• Main ladder can be used for rescuing people from exterior windows, ledges, & rooftops within reach of main ladder
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15–41
Aerial Ladders
Apparatus equipped w/ hydraulically operated extension ladders
(Continued)
Courtesy of District Chief Chris E. Mikal, NOFD Photo Unit.
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15–42
Aerial Ladders
• In North America, usually 50-135 feet (15-41 m), but in Europe sometimes as much as 300 feet (100 m)
• Newer aerial ladders equipped with built-in waterways that supply master stream nozzle
(Continued)
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15–43
Aerial Ladders
• Master stream nozzles of both types of apparatus can be operated by FFs at ladder tip/on ground
• Can be used for rescuing people from exterior windows, ledges, rooftops within reach
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15–44
Aerial Platforms
Available in two configurations
• Aerial ladder platforms
• Articulating aerial platforms (Continued)
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15–45
Aerial Platforms
• All equipped with built-in waterways
• Some articulating devices have narrow escape ladders
• Can be used for rescuing people
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15–46
Water Towers
• Engines equipped with hydraulically operated booms that are dedicated to applying water
• Most range from 50-130 ft (15-40 m) in length
• Some have narrow escape ladders attached to boom
• Not designed for rescue operations
(Continued)
Courtesy of District Chief Chris E. Mikal, NOFD Photo Unit.
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15–47
Class B Fires
• Those that involve flammable & combustible liquids, gases
• Flammable liquids — Flash points less than 100ºF (38ºC)
(Continued)
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15–48
Class B Fires
• Combustible liquids — Flash points higher than 100ºF (38ºC)
• Divisions of flammable, combustible liquids
Hydrocarbons
Polar solvents
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15–49
Actions and Precautions
• Avoid standing in pools of fuel/runoff water because there may be fuel floating on top of water
• Unburned flammable liquid vapors are heavier than air & collect in low areas
• PPE soaked with flammable/combustible liquids must be removed from service until cleaned
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15–50
Actions and Precautions
5, 10, 15 minute rule
• In 5 minutes instrumentation fails
MOV, sight glasses, fin fan controls, etc.
• In 10 minutes structural steel begins to fail
• In 15 minutes tanks & piping will BLEVE
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15–51
Actions and Precautions
• Do not extinguish fire on pressure relief valve until PRV is fully reseated
• Try to contain pooling liquid until flow can be stopped
(Continued)
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15–52
Actions and Precautions
• Class B fire fighting techniques also needed for fires in gas utility facilities/highway incidents involving fuel tankers
• Crew Protection
Position apparatus uphill & upwind of flammable liquid spills
Control ignition sources: important at spills
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Three-Dimensional Fires
• Has length, width, & depth
• Burning liquid is dripping, spraying, or flowing over edges of container
• Difficult to extinguish w/ foam
• Dry extinguishing agents are more effective
• Avoid standing in pools or contaminated runoff
15–53
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BLEVE
• Occurs in a closed, liquid container
• Heating by direct flame contact causes vessel to fail, suddenly releasing its contents
• Produces a violent explosion
• Most common cause is when flames contact vessel above the liquid level or when insufficient water is applied to keep vessel cool
15–54
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BLEVE
• Dozens of emergency services personnel have been killed by BLEVEs
• Horizontal tanks Designed to fail at the
ends
Be at 45▫ angle to tank ends
Pieces may travel in all directions
• Pieces may travel great distances
15–55
Kingman, Arizona – Killed an entire fire crew
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15–56
BLEVE
• Direct heavy streams of water onto tank using unmanned master streams from safe distance 500 GPM minimum flow at
point of flame contact
Cool vapor the space
• If you cannot flow at least 500 GPM onto the container that has direct flame contact, you should evacuate to a safe area
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BLEVE
Signs of a BLEVE:
• Relief valve increases in pitch
• Relief valve flame grows
• Fire impinges vapor space freely
• Insufficient cooling water
• Popping, pinging sounds from welds breaking (You’re way too close!)
15–57
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15–58
Using Water to Control Class B Fires
• Water alone ineffective extinguishing agent
• Use water as acooling agent
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15–59
Bulk Transport Vehicle Fires
• Follow pre-incident plans
• Techniques of extinguishment similar to fires in flammable fuel facilities
• Major differences in vehicles transporting flammable fuels, storage facilities
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15–60
Traffic Guidelines
• Close at least one lane of traffic in addition to incident lane during initial emergency operations
• Avoid using road flares because of possible ignition
• When ISO or police are unavailable, FFs should be assigned to direct traffic, control scene access
(Continued)
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15–61
Traffic Guidelines
Position fire apparatus uphill, upwind
(Continued)
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15–62
Traffic Guidelines
• Exit apparatus, work from the side away from traffic as much as possible
• Turn wheels of vehicles parked to protect FFs so apparatus cannot be pushed into them if struck by another vehicle
(Continued)
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15–63
Techniques
• Be aware of possibility of vehicle tires failing
• Know status/limitations of water supply
• Protect trapped victims w/ hose streams until rescue
• Determine exact nature of cargos
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15–64
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What should be done if you cannot determine the exact nature of the cargo?
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15–65
Control of Gas Utilities
FFs should have working knowledge of hazards, correct procedures for handling incidents involving liquefied petroleum gas
(Continued)
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Control of Plant Gas Utilities
• Gas used forheating & industrial processes
• Call plant operations to control gas
• Petroleum gases are odorless
Methyl mercaptan added to give it odor
15–66
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Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Butane & propane
• Packaged in gas cylinders for consumer use
• Gases stored as a liquid under pressure
15–67
(Continued)
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15–68
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What are some common locations where LPG is used?
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15–69
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• About 1.5 times as heavy as air
• Expands 240:1 from liquid to vapor
• Explosive in concentrations between 1.5 & 10%
• Shipped from distribution point of usage in cylinders & tanks on cargo trucks (Continued)
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15–70
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Stored in cylinders, tanks near point of use for consumer use
• On tanks & cylinders, supply of gas may be stopped by shutting valve at tank
• In the plants, gas can shut off by valves in piping or at pumps
• Do not shut off valves in plants on your own
(Continued)
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15–71
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• LPG leak will produce visible cloud of vapor that hugs ground
• Cloud of unburned gas may be dispersed by fog stream
LPG bonds with water
• All LPG containers, regardless of size, can BLEVE
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15–72
DISCUSSION QUESTION
How can a BLEVE be prevented?
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15–73
Flammable Gas Incidents
• Approach from upwind side especially if gas is not ignited
• First concerns are evacuation of area immediately around break, evacuation of area downwind, elimination of ignition sources
(Continued)
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15–74
Flammable Gas Incidents
• If gas is burning, flame should not be extinguished
Causes uncontrolled vapor cloud that can explode
• Use hose streams to protect exposures
(Continued)
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15–75
Flammable Gas Incidents
• Use two handlines working together to access valve & close it
• Provide a back-up line that is supplied by a different source of water
Supplied by different source so all lines do not fail at once
(Continued)
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Flammable Gas Incidents
• For severe fires, use unmanned master streams
• Retreat w/ water flowing
15–76
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15–77
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What should be done if gas is burning from a broken pipe?
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15–78
Class C Fires
• Involve energized electrical equipment
• Major safety hazard — FFs fail to recognize danger & take appropriate steps for protection
• Once electrical power turned off, may self-extinguish or fall into Class A or B
(Continued)
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15–79
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What are some examples of potential Class C fires?
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15–80
Class C Fires
• In many commercial & high rise buildings, electrical power necessary to operate essential systems; not to be shut off until ordered
• When handling fires in delicate electronic/computer equipment, clean extinguishing agents should be used
(Continued)
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15–81
Class C Fires
• Multipurpose dry-chemical agents effective, but some chemically reactive w/ components
Will corrode & damage electronics
• Using water inappropriate because of shock hazard
(Continued)
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15–82
Class C Fires: Transmission Lines and Equipment
Relatively small number of electrical emergencies involve fires in electrical substations, transmission lines, associated equipment
(Continued)
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15–83
Class C Fires: Transmission Lines and Equipment
• Electrical power lines sometimes break, start fires in grass/other vegetation
• Fires in electrical transformers common
Use dry chemical on ground level fires
Let pole mounted fires burn
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15–84
Class C Fires: Underground Transmission Lines
• Consist of conduits, vaults below grade
• Most serious hazards presented are explosions caused by fuses blowing or short-circuit arcing that ignites accumulated gases
• Electrical utility vault
Do not enter for firefighting
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15–85
Class C Fires: Commercial High-Voltage Installations
• Many commercial/industrial complexes have electrical equipment requiring 600+ volts
• High-voltage signs may be on doors
• Some transformers use flammable coolants that are hazardous
(Continued)
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15–86
Class C Fires: Commercial High-Voltage Installations
• Water should not be used because of potential damage to electrical equipment uninvolved in fire
• Because of toxic chemicals, smoke is additional hazard
• FFs should only enter for rescue
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15–87
Controlling Electrical Power
• In many situations, it is better for electrical power to remain on for lighting, fire pumps, other essential systems
• Decision to cut off power is made by IC & Incident Safety Officer
(Continued)
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15–88
Controlling Electrical Power
• To turn off power call utility department
• Do not, on your own, cut off power in plants, or other locations
In homes, you may turn off power at the breaker box
Electrical service up to the breaker box is on
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15–89
Controlling Electrical Power
• Many Saudi Aramco facilities are provided w/ emergency back-up power capabilities
• Considerations for illegal wiring outside of company facilities
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15–90
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What should be done before cutting into walls & ceilings that may contain electrical wiring?
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15–91
Electrical Shock
Consequences of electrical shock
• Cardiac arrest
• Paralysis
• Surface or internal burns
• Damage to joints
• Burns to eyes
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15–92
Electrical Shock
Factors most affecting seriousness of electrical shock
• Path of electricity through body
• Degree of skin resistance – wet (low) or dry (high)
• Length of exposure
• Available current
• Available voltage
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15–93
Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
Establish exclusion zone equal to one span all directions from downed power lines
(Continued)
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15–94
Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
• Be aware other wires may have been weakened by short circuit, may fall at any time
• Wear full protective clothing, use only tested & approved tools w/ insulated handles
• Guard against electrical shocks, burns, eye injuries from electrical arcs
• Wait for utility workers to cut power lines
(Continued)
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15–95
Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
• Use lockout/tagout devices when working on electrical equipment
• Be very careful when raising/lowering ladders near power lines
Get no closer than 10’ (3m)
(Continued)
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Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
• Do not touch any vehicle/apparatus in contact with electrical wires
• Jump clear of apparatus that may be energized by contact with power lines
• Do not use solid, straight streams on fires in energized electrical equipment
15–96
(Continued)
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15–97
Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
• Use fog streams w/ at least 100 psi (700 kPa) nozzle pressure
• Be aware wire mesh or steel rail fences can be energized by wires outside field of view
(Continued)
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Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies
• Where wires are down, heed any tingling sensation felt in feet, back away
• Avoid ground gradient hazards by maintaining large safety zone around downed electrical wires
15–98
Voltage drops as it spreads away from source
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15–99
DISCUSSION QUESTION
How should you back out of a ground gradient area?
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15–100
Company-Level Fire Tactics
• Standard tactical priorities — Life safety, incident stabilization, property conservation
• Order of priorities same, but actions taken on fireground may/may not be performed in that order
Rescue consideration is always 1st
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15–101
Responsibilities — First-in Engine Company
• If smoke/fire visible, lay supply line from hydrant
• Company officer will conduct rapid size-up
• Size-up determines further actions taken by first-in engine company
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15–102
Responsibilities — First In Engine Company
• If by taking immediate action, the company can save a life, they should do so
Even if not enough FFs on scene to form rapid intervention crew (RIC)
(Continued)
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15–103
Responsibilities — First In Engine Company
• If no immediate life-safety concerns, & fire might extend to nearby structures, officer may order lines pulled to apply water to exposure
• Officer may call for more resources
(Continued)
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15–104
Responsibilities — First In Engine Company
• Given a small interior fire, company officer usually assumes Command of incident
Until arrival a more senior chief officer who will assume command in most cases
Called transfer of command
Takes place face-to-face
• Cannot take place over the radio
• Once location of fire known, first-due engine company will position initial attack hoseline to cover priorities
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15–105
Responsibilities — Second In Engine Company
• Must make sure adequate water supply established to fireground
• May finish hose lay, lay additional line, connect to hydrant
• Protects secondary means of egress & exit of first-in company
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15–106
Responsibilities — Second In Engine Company
• Backs up initial attack line
• Prevents extension & protects exposures
• Assist in extinguishment
• Assists with support activities
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15–107
Responsibilities — Fireground Support Company
• Responsible for performing tasks in order dictated by situation
• Functions may be performed by engine personnel when support companies not available
• May assist in making fire attack
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15–108
Responsibilities — Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC)
• Consists of 2+ members wearing appropriate PPE, radio
• Equipped w/ special rescue tools, equipment necessary to effect rescue of other emergency personnel
(Continued)
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15–109
Responsibilities — Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC)
• May be assigned other emergency scene duties; must be prepared to drop those immediately if needed
• Exact number determined by IC
Courtesy of District Chief Chris E. Mickal, NOFD Photo Unit.
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15–110
Responsibilities — Chief Officer/Incident Commander
Upon arriving at scene, chief officer may choose to assume Command from original IC & take responsibility for all on-scene operations
(Continued)
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15–111
Responsibilities — Chief Officer/Incident Commander
• If original IC has incident well organized, progress toward incident stabilization being made, chief officer may assume another role
• IC should plan ahead for future resources, i.e. fresh crews, rehab, air
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15–112
Fires in Upper Levels of Structures
• Typical residential response consisting of 2-3 engines & one truck is usually not enough
• A large number of FFs are needed
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15–113
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Should elevators ever be used during fire operations?
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15–114
Attacking Fires in Upper Levels
• Fire attack is started from floor below fire floor
• Crews should check floors above main fire floor for fire extension, victims
(Continued)
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Attacking Fires in Upper Levels
• Look at other floors to get an idea of the layout of the fire floor
• Elevators can be used if they are controlled by the FFs
Elevator controls may be damaged by fire
Requires override key or do not use
• Any fire in the upper levels requires extra manpower & equipment
15–115
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15–116
Attacking Fires in Upper Levels
• Staging areas are established two floors below fire floor
• Personnel must exercise caution in streets around outside perimeter of high-rise building
Falling glass, debris, people
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Fires in Basements
• Can expose FFs to extremely hostile conditions
• FFs must travel through superheated gases & smoke to reach fire area
• May be possible to control fire without entering basement
15–117
(Continued)
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15–118
Fires Belowground in Structures
• If cellar nozzle unavailable, FFs may have to enter burning basement
• Good ventilation techniques extremely important
• Heavy objects on floor above fire floor can increase chance of floor collapse
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15–119
Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems
• FFs should be familiar with systems in buildings protected by their department
• Supporting systems critical during fire
(Continued)
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Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems
Types of systems
• Sprinkler systems
• Carbon dioxide systems
• Standpipe systems
• Foam systems
• Clean-agent systems
• Dry-chemical hood systems
• Wet-chemical systems
15–120
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15–121
Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems
Dangers involved w/ fires in occupancies w/ fixed systems
• Oxygen depletion following activation of carbon dioxide flooding systems
• Poor visibility
• Energized electrical equipment
• Toxic environments
(Continued)
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15–122
Pre-incident Plans
• Include detailed descriptions of construction features, contents, protection systems, surrounding properties
• May specify procedures for each system
• Contain building map
• Must be updated regularly
(Continued)
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15–123
Sprinklered Buildings
Some possible actions
• Assign a radio-equipped FF at OS&Y valve
• Install wedges to stop flow of water
• Replace sprinkler heads
• Restore the system
• Monitor the building
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15–124
Fires in Small Passenger Vehicles
• Among the most common types of fires
• FFs must wear full PPE, SCBA
(Continued)
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15–125
Fires in Small Passenger Vehicles
• Attack line should be 1½-inch minimum
• Piercing nozzle can be used on hoods, fenders, trunk & wheel wells
• Halligan tool or pick head axe can be used to force hood or trunk
• Booster lines must not be used
(Continued)
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15–126
Fires in Small Passenger Vehicles
• Safest way to attack fire is from upwind & uphill
• Portable extinguishers can suppress some fires in vehicle’s engine compartment/electrical system
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15–127
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Why should vehicle fires be attacked from upwind & uphill?
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15–128
Basic Procedures
• One of first actions is to establish safe working zone
• Once scene safety established, FFs can focus on saving vehicle occupants, fighting fire
• FFs should stay out of potential travel path of front, rear bumpers
• Trunk lid & hood supports can explode (Continued)
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15–129
Basic Procedures
Occupied Vehicle
• Position hoseline between burning vehicle & any exposure
• Attack fire from 45° angle
• Extinguish fire near occupants first
• Issue all clear when occupants are out of vehicle
• Extinguish ground fire
• Overhaul
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15–130
Basic Procedures
Unoccupied Vehicle
• Position hoseline between burning vehicle & any exposure
• Attack fire from 45° angle
• Extinguish any ground fire
• Overhaul
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15–131
Basic Procedures
Fires in undercarriage
• Straight stream from a distance
• Straight steam deflect off of pavement
• Open hood & direct stream through engine compartment
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15–132
Hazards
• In addition to hazards associated w/ other fires, there are hazards specific to vehicle fires
• Catalytic converters can act as ignition source to dry grass/other fuels under vehicle
(Continued)
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15–133
Hazards
• Interior components on vehicle mainly plastic, which burns rapidly at high temperatures & emits toxic gases
• Air bags are a relatively new hazard & can deploy from steering wheel, dashboard, or door of vehicle
(Continued)
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15–134
Hazards
• Hybrid vehicles incorporate high-voltage cables, components
• DO NOT cut into high voltage components/wires
Orange wire
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15–135
Trash Container Fires
• Possibility of exposure to toxic products of combustion ever-present
• May include hazardous materials or plastics
• Full PPE, SCBA should be worn when attacking any trash container fire
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15–136
Attacking Trash Container Fires
• Size of attack line depends on size of fire & proximity to exposures
• Fires in small piles of trash, garbage cans, small containers can often be extinguished w/ booster line
(Continued)
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15–137
Attacking Trash Container Fires
• Larger piles, larger containers, fires close to exposures should be attacked w/ at least 1½-inch (38 mm) line
• Master streams may be needed to keep trash container fires from spreading
(Continued)
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15–138
Attacking Trash Container Fires
• Once fire is controlled, may be possible to use standard overhaul techniques to complete extinguishment
• May be advantageous to attack fire using Class A foam
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15–139
Confined Spaces
• Below grade or otherwise w/o natural/forced ventilation
• Atmospheric hazards
Toxic/heat/oxygen deficient
• Physical hazards
Limited egress
Liquids/loose materials
Equipment/trays
(Continued)
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15–140
Confined Spaces
• Where to find information on the fire
Plant/building supervisors
Pre-incident plans
• Hazard control plans
• Because of hazards, command post & staging area must be established outside hot zone
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15–141
DISCUSSION QUESTION
When is it safe for FFs to enter these confined spaces?
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15–142
Fire Attack
• Fires may also be attacked indirectly w/ penetrating nozzles, cellar nozzles, distributor nozzles
• Effective air-management system should be part of IAP
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15–143
Wildland Fires
• Fires in weeds, grass, field crops, brush, & forests
• Are different from fires in buildings
• Most important factors on wildland fire behavior:
Fuel
Weather
Topography
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15–144
Wildland Fires — Fuel
• Subsurface fuels: Roots & peat
• Surface fuels: Needles, twigs, grass, brush
• Aerial fuels: Suspended & upright fuels over 6 feet (2 m) from ground
(Continued)
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15–145
Wildland Fires — Fuel
Factors affecting burning characteristics of fuels:
• Fuel size: Small or light fuels burn faster
• Compactness: Tightly compacted fuels, such as hay bales, burn slower
• Continuity: Fuels close together burn faster
• Volume: The amount of fuel present
• Fuel moisture content: Drier fuels ignite easier & burn faster
(Continued)
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15–146
Wildland Fires — Weather
• Wind: Fans the flames & spreads fire
• Temperature: Affects fuels by drying them
• Relative humidity: Affects moisture content of dead fuels; low humidity dries fuels
• Precipitation (Rain): Affects moisture content of live & dead fuels
• Wind & rain have the biggest effect
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15–147
Wildland Fires — Topography
• Topography: layout of the ground
• Steepness of slope affects both rate & direction of fire spread
• Fires usually spread faster uphill than down; steeper the slope, faster fire spreads
(Continued)
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15–148
Parts of Wildland Fire
(Continued)
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15–149
Parts of Wildland Fire
Burned Unburned
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15–150
Wildland PPE
• Structural turnout gear is inappropriate for big wildland fires
Can be dangerous
• Wildland FFs wear special PPE
• PPE should meet NFPA 1977
(Continued)
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15–151
Attacking Wildland Fires
• Methods aimed at perimeter (fire boundary) control
• Control line may be at burning edge, next to it, or a distance away
• Objective is to make a control line that completely circles fire
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15–152
Wildland Firefighting Techniques
• Direct attack: Action taken directly against flames at burning edge or close to it
• Indirect attack: Used at a distance from the fire
• Wildland fires constantly change, so attack methods may change
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15–153
Summary
• Attacking fires early in their development is an important aspect of a successful fire fighting operation
• Selecting & applying the most effective fire attack strategy & tactics are also important
(Continued)
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15–154
Summary
• Failing to do any of these things can result in a fire growing out of control, an increase in fire damage & loss, & possibly in FF injuries
(Continued)
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15–155
Summary
• FFs need to know how to use the firefighting tools & techniques adopted by FrPD
• They need to know how to safely & effectively attack & extinguish structure fires, vehicle fires, & trash fires
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15–156
Skills
• Attack a structure fire — Exterior attack.
• Deploy & operate a master stream device.
• Extinguish a fire in a trash container.
• Attack a fire in stacked/piled materials.
• Turn off building utilities. (Skill Sheet FF-I-109)
• Attack a structure fire (above, below, & grade level) — Interior attack. (Skill Sheet FF-I-110)
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15–157
Skills
• Attack a passenger vehicle fire. (Skill Sheet FF-I-111)
• Extinguish an ignitable liquid fire.
• Control a pressurized flammable gas container fire. (Skill Sheet FF-II-217)
• Establish Incident Command & coordinate interior attack of a structure fire. (Skill Sheet FF-II-212, 213)
• Exercise 12 RIC Team