Chapter 15

Bleeding and Shock

Objectives

• Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:– Describe the cardiorespiratory system– List the components of the circulatory system– Explain how blood circulates throughout the

body– Explain blood pressure and pulse

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Objectives (cont’d.)

• Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.):– Explain what is meant by standard

precautions– Define the three basic types of bleeding– Explain the dangers associated with shock

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The Cardiorespiratory System

• Includes functions of the heart, blood vessels, circulation, and gas exchange between the blood and atmosphere – Heart pumps blood through the body through

pathways (e.g., arteries, veins, and capillaries)• Blood is enriched with oxygen when it passes

through lungs• As oxygen enters the bloodstream, carbon dioxide

leaves it (i.e., respiration)

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The Circulatory System

• Course taken by blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins and back to the heart– Uses blood to transport dissolved materials

throughout the body (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste)

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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

• The heart– Two major circulations

• Each has its own pump• Both pumps are

incorporated into the heart

• Heart structure– Primarily a shell with

four chambers inside

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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

• Blood– Only tissue that flows throughout the body

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Animation – The Blood

Click Here to Play Blood Animation

The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

• Plasma– River in which blood cells travel – Makes up 55% of blood's total volume

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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

• Red blood cells– Highly specialized cells – “Stripped” of everything that might get in the

way of transporting oxygen

• Molecule within RBCs- Hemoglobin– Picks up oxygen in areas where it is abundant

and releases it in tissues where oxygen is low

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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

• White blood cells– Five kinds: neutrophils, monocytes,

lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

• Platelets

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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

• Blood vessels– Hollow tubes, running throughout the body,

through which blood circulates– Types:

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The Heart’s Conduction System• Cardiac conduction system

– Made up of specialized cells within heart muscle tissue

• Carries electrical signals to muscle cells throughout the heart

• Signals trigger muscles to contract and pump blood throughout the body

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The Heart’s Conduction System (cont’d.)

• Blood pressure– Systolic

– Diastolic

• Pulse pressure– Difference between systolic and diastolic

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Systolic and Diastolic BP

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The Heart’s Conduction System (cont’d.)

• Pulse– Rhythmical beating of the

heart

• Target heart rate– Range of percentages of

maximum heart rate safe to reach during exercise

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Animation – The Heart

Click Here to Play Heart Animation

Body Substance Isolation

• Protective equipment includes:– Sterile gloves

– Protective eyewear

– Surgical mask

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OSHA Guidelines for Infectious Disease Control

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention– Monitors outbreaks of infections– Advises on how to handle and control disease

spread

• Standard precautions – Infection-control guidelines – Designed to protect workers from exposure to

diseases spread by blood and bodily fluids

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Animation – Infection Control

Click Here to Play Infection Control Animation

Wound Care

• Principles:– Irrigate wound with clean, cool water– Gently wash with mild soap (superficial cuts)– All foreign particles must be removed or

infection will result • Minor cuts and abrasions should be washed, dried

with a sterile gauze sponge, treated with a first-aid cream, and covered with a sterile bandage

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Wound Care (cont’d.)

• Proper bandaging and dressing of a wound will ensure proper healing and infection control

• Two primary types of dressings: – Gauze – Occlusive

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Bleeding

• Three basic types of bleeding:

-

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Shock

• Circulation system fails to send blood to all parts of the body

• Main types:– Hemorrhagic shock

• Loss of blood from an injury

– Respiratory shock • Lungs are unable to supply enough oxygen to

blood

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Shock (cont’d.)

• Main types (cont’d.):– Neurogenic shock

• Loss of vascular control by the nervous system

– Cardiogenic shock • Inadequate functioning of the heart

– Metabolic shock• Severe loss of bodily fluids

– Anaphylactic shock • Severe allergic reaction

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Shock (cont’d.)

• Main types (cont’d.):– Septic shock

• Life-threatening reaction to a severe infection

– Psychogenic shock • Physiological response to fear, stress, or emotional

crisis that causes the person to faint

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Shock (cont’d.)

• Signs and symptoms include:– Restlessness and anxiety, weak and rapid

pulse, cold and clammy skin, profuse sweating, pale face or cyanotic (blue) around the mouth, shallow respirations, dull eyes with dilated pupils, thirst, nausea and vomiting, blood pressure that falls gradually and steadily, and loss of consciousness

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Shock (cont’d.)

• General care and treatment– Critical for the victim’s well-being – Follow general guidelines– Goal is to keep the victim from getting worse

• Proper care, and reassuring the victim, will help meet this objective

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Conclusion

• The cardiorespiratory system is responsible for the function of the heart, blood vessels, circulation, and breathing

• Anyone working with athletes must take preventive measures for protection against bloodborne pathogens and other diseases

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Conclusion (cont’d.)

• There are three basic types of bleeding: arterial, venous, and capillary– All types require immediate care to prevent

shock and infection

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