chapter 15-aland islands & chaco war (maria, namrata, christina, daniella)

7/31/2019 Chapter 15-Aland Islands & Chaco War (Maria, Namrata, Christina, Daniella)

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Aland Islands & Chaco War

Daniella Cuencas, Maria Kim, Namrata Mohan, Christina Yoo


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Aland Islands: Region

Swedish-speaking, autonomous region of Finland

Lies at the entrance to Gulf of Bothnia

Consists of about 35 inhabited islands, 6,500 uninhabitedislands

Rocky reefs


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Aland Islands: Region

Rich Soil in many areas especially in the southeast

Consists of rugged granite to the north

Aland accounts for 70% of the island thus is the largestgroup of islands

Aland is home to about 90% of the Archipelagospopulation

Mariehamn, Aland is the site of the administrative capital,chief seaport, and only town


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Aland Islands: History

Islands were Christianized during the 12th century by SwedishMissionaries

Seized by Russian Tsar Peter I the Great after naval victoryover Sweden in 1714

Russia created the Grand Duchy of Finland, which included theIslands

Aland Islands included in Russia after Duchy of Finland fell in1809 with the promise of no fortifications

1830s Russia began fortifications on the Bomarsund Garrisonin Aland


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Aland Islands: History

After the Crimean War(1856) Russians were defeated byFrance and Britain, and were ordered to declare Aland

Islands a demilitarized zone

In 1856, the Treaty of Paris demilitarized the islands, butRussia used them as a submarine base during WWI

During the time of Russias October Revolution, Finland

declared its independence Finland wanted the Aland Islands, which Russia had

included in the Grand Duchy of Finland


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Aland Islands: The Dispute

The Islanders wanted to rejoin Sweden

Secession from the Grand Duchy of Finland

Request that Sweden annex them

The conflict grew; danger of war


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Aland Islands: The Dispute

The King of Sweden requested that Finland allow the citizens todecide their political future

Both knew that they would choose to rejoin Sweden

Finland refused

The dispute was brought to the attention of the League of Nations bythe people of the Aland Islands and the Swedish government

Sweden and Finland agreed to allow the League of Nations to settlethe dispute


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Aland Islands: League of NationsInvolvement

In 1921, the League of Nations decided to approve the autonomousstatus and demilitarization of the Aland Islands.

Settled in favor of Finland

Guaranteed protection of the Islanders

preservation of the Islands Swedish language, culture and self-government


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Autonomy Act, 1920

Treaty between Finland and Sweden

Guaranteed autonomy, demilitarization, and neutralization forthe Aland Islands


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The Aland Island conflict was the first to be settled directly by theLeague of Nations

The solution was successful because Protection of minority rights

Mutually agreeable and peaceful resolution

The League demonstrated that they were able to successfully resolveconflicts


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Chaco War: Region

Chaco Boreal Region of land is 100,000 square miles in

Northwestern Paraguay, Southeastern Bolivia, andNorthern Argentina

Land is Divided into two regions

West of River Paraguay

East of River Paraguay


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Chaco War: Region

Paraguans uses for land:

Mate (huge export to Argentina) Use river to deliver moneymaking crop to Argentina


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Chaco War: Region

Bolivian uses for land:

Important waterway that connects Bolivia to the World


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Chaco War: History

In 1883 after the War of the Pacific, Bolivia lost its entire

coastline to Chile

Bolivian Politicians demand access to a water way and in1932 declared war against Paraguay


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Chaco War: The Conflict

Fighting began in December 5, 1928 by Paraguay


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Bolivian Advantage:

Larger population German trained military

Heavily armed

Disadvantage:

Low morale Unable to fight in lowlands and swamps


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Paraguayan Advantages:

Trained to fight in swamps and lowlands Withstood the disease rampant in these areas

Withstood onslaught of wildlife in these areas

French trained troops

Disadvantages:

- Smaller military

- Farming economy


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War was not declared officially until May 10, 1933 by

Paraguay, but the war began in earnest in 1932

Paraguays General Jose Estigarribia led first majoroffensive

German General Kundt was in charge of Bolivian forces

Attacked Fort Nanawa


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At this point Paraguay was soundly defeating Bolivia

Bolivian President replaces General Kundt for GeneralPenaranda


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3 week truce ensued in January 1934

At the end of the siesta Estigarribia moved with renewedvigor against Bolivia

At this point in the wars the heaviest fighting occurred atBallivian from March to July


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Truce arranged on June 12, 1935

Chaco Peace Conference

Signed in Buenos Aires on July 21 1938

Paraguay gained most of the land

Bolivia gained access to rivers


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Chaco War: League of NationsInvolvement

League of Nations Involvement: Failure

Intervened in 1928

Negotiations led nowhere

Separate interests

Neither willing to submit to the League

Tried to arrange a truce 1935 with help from Chile andArgentina


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Sources

http://www.mbc.edu/faculty/gbowen/LeagueOfNations.htm

http://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v1/v1n3/chaco.html

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conference

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htm

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12162/Aland-Islands

http://www.scantours.com/history_of_aland.htm

http://www.history.com/topics/chaco-war
http://www.mbc.edu/faculty/gbowen/LeagueOfNations.htmhttp://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v1/v1n3/chaco.htmlhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12162/Aland-Islandshttp://www.scantours.com/history_of_aland.htmhttp://www.scantours.com/history_of_aland.htmhttp://www.scantours.com/history_of_aland.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12162/Aland-Islandshttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12162/Aland-Islandshttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12162/Aland-Islandshttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104127/Chaco-Peace-Conferencehttp://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v1/v1n3/chaco.htmlhttp://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v1/v1n3/chaco.htmlhttp://www.mbc.edu/faculty/gbowen/LeagueOfNations.htmhttp://www.mbc.edu/faculty/gbowen/LeagueOfNations.htm


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Sources

http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/dg.nsf/(httpSpeechesByYear_en)/6F8D12900389DCE9C12578B700596A36?OpenDocument

http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F00616FD3C5E10728DDDA00994D1405B808EF1D3

http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=223458&nodeid=15145&contentlan=2&culture=en-US

http://www.jstor.org/stable/2187689?seq=2

chapter 15-aland islands & chaco war (maria, namrata, christina, daniella)

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