Chapter #15

Acids and

Bases

Chapter 15.1

Some common (everyday) Acids

• Sour milk= lactic acid

• Vinegar= acetic acid

• Tart flavor of pop= phosphoric acid

• Lemons, oranges, grapefruits= citric acid

• Apples= malic acid

• Grape juice= tartaric acid

Some common Bases

• Ammonia for cleaning

• Lye= NaOH drain and oven cleaners

• Milk of magnesia= Mg(OH)2 antacid

• Al(OH)3 and NaHCO3 antacids

Properties of AcidsProperties of Acids

• Acids taste sour • Acids effect indicators

• Blue litmus turns red • Methyl orange turns red

• Acids have a pH lower than 7 • Acids are proton (hydrogen ion, H+) donors • Acids react with active metals, produce H2

• Acids react with carbonates • Acids neutralize bases (acid + base = salt and

water)• Acids conduct electric current

Binary Acids Nomenclature

• Acids always begin with H• Binary Acids that consist of 2 elements1.Write hydro2.Write the 2nd element3.Change the ending to –ic4.Write the word ACID• HF= Hydrofluoric Acid• HBr

Oxyacid Nomenclature• Are acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and a

third element. Never use Hydro

1.Write the name of the polyatomic (pg 210)

2.Change the ending to –ic or –ous (ate -ic & ite

–ous)

1.Write the word ACID

• H2SO4 = sulfuric acid

• H3PO4

Hypo- and Per-

In a series of acids

• HClO = HYPOchlorous Acid

• HClO2 = Chlorous Acid (pg 210)

• HClO3 = Chloric Acid (pg 210)

• HClO4 = PERchloric Acid

Acids you SHOULD know:Acids you SHOULD know:

Strong Acids

Sulfuric acid, H2SO4

Hydrochloric acid, HCl

Nitric acid, HNO3

Weak Acids

Phosphoric acid, H3PO4

Acetic acid, HC2H3O2

Sulfuric AcidSulfuric Acid

• Highest volume production of any chemical in Highest volume production of any chemical in the U.S. the U.S.

• Used in the production of paper Used in the production of paper • Used in production of fertilizers Used in production of fertilizers • Used in petroleum refiningUsed in petroleum refining• Used in Automobile batteries• Thick clouds of sulfuric acid are a feature of the

atmosphere of Venus. (image provided by NASA)

Nitric AcidNitric Acid

• Used in the production of fertilizers Used in the production of fertilizers

• Used in the production of explosives Used in the production of explosives

• Nitric acid is a volatile acid – its reactive Nitric acid is a volatile acid – its reactive components evaporate easily components evaporate easily

• Stains proteins (including skin!)Stains proteins (including skin!)

• Used in making rubber, plastics, dyes, and Used in making rubber, plastics, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.pharmaceuticals.

Phosphoric AcidPhosphoric Acid

• A flavoring agent in sodas A flavoring agent in sodas

• Used in the manufacture of detergents Used in the manufacture of detergents

• Used in the manufacture of ceramicsUsed in the manufacture of ceramics

• Used in the manufacture of fertilizers Used in the manufacture of fertilizers

• NotNot a common laboratory reagent a common laboratory reagent

Hydrochloric AcidHydrochloric Acid

• Used in the pickling of iron & steel Used in the pickling of iron & steel • Used as a cleaning agent, in food processing & Used as a cleaning agent, in food processing &

in activation of oil wells.in activation of oil wells.• Used to purify magnesium from sea water Used to purify magnesium from sea water • Part of gastric juice, it aids in the digestion of Part of gastric juice, it aids in the digestion of

protein protein • Sold commercially as “Muriatic acid” Swimming Sold commercially as “Muriatic acid” Swimming

pools pools • Stomach ACIDStomach ACID

Acetic AcidAcetic Acid

• Used in the manufacture of plastics Used in the manufacture of plastics

• Used in making food supplements Lysine Used in making food supplements Lysine – amino acid (Jurassic Park)– amino acid (Jurassic Park)

• Used as a fungicide Used as a fungicide

• Acetic acid is the acid present in vinegarAcetic acid is the acid present in vinegar

Properties of BasesProperties of Bases

• Bases taste bitter • Bases effect indicators

• Red litmus turns blue • Phenolphthalein turns purple

• Bases have a pH greater than 7 • Bases are proton (hydrogen ion, H+) acceptors • Solutions of bases feel slippery• Bases neutralize acids• Bases conduct electric current

Examples of BasesExamples of Bases

• Sodium hydroxide (lye), NaOH Sodium hydroxide (lye), NaOH

• Potassium hydroxide, KOH Potassium hydroxide, KOH

• Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)22

• Calcium hydroxide (lime), Ca(OH)Calcium hydroxide (lime), Ca(OH)22

• Alkaline basic solutions.

• Arrhenius acid is a chemical that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+, in aqueous solution.

• Arrehenius base is a chemical that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions, OH-, in aqueous solution.

Strong Acids vs. Weak AcidsStrong Acids vs. Weak Acids

• Strong acids are assumed to be 100% ionized in solution (good proton donors).

HCl H2SO4 HNO3

• Weak acids are usually less than 5% ionized in solution (poor proton donors).

H3PO4 HC2H3O2 Organic acids

Strength of Bases

• Strong bases are strong electrolytes, just as strong acids are strong electrolytes.

Chapter 15.2

• Bronsted-Lowry Acid is a Proton Bronsted-Lowry Acid is a Proton Donors (H+)Donors (H+)

• Bronsted-Lowry Base is a proton Bronsted-Lowry Base is a proton acceptoracceptor

• Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction protons are transferred from one protons are transferred from one reactant (Acid) to another (base).reactant (Acid) to another (base).

Monoprotic acids Diprotic acids Triprotic acids

HCl H2SO4 H3PO4

HC2H3O2 H2CO3

HNO3

• Polyprotic give up more than one H.

• Conjugate base is the species that remains after a Bronsted-Lowry acid has given up (loses) a proton.

• Conjugate acid is the species from when a Bronsted-Lowry bases gains a proton.

HF + H2O F- + H3O+

Acid Base Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid

Oxides

• Acidic = nonmetals

• Basic= metals

• Amphoteric= metalloids

• MgO

• Al2O3

• CO2

Chapter 15.3

• Neutralization is the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules.

• Salt is an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid.

• Lewis acid is an atom, ion, or molecule that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond.

• Lewis base is an atom, ion, or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond.

• A Lewis acid-base reaction is the formation of one or more covalent bonds between an electron-pair donor and an electron-pair acceptor.

Neutralization Examples

HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl

2H3PO4 + 3Mg(OH)2 6H2O + Mg3(PO4)2

• Information. April 27, 2007. http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/Powerpoint/Unit6/Unit6_files/frame.htm

• “Cartoon”. Aug. 11, 2006. http://www.nearingzero.net/sbunch1.html