chapter 15
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Chapter 15. Personality`. Personality. An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking , feeling, and acting. . Free association. In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever come to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 15Personality`
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Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking , feeling, and
acting.
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Free association In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the
unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever come to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
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Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory of personality that attributes
thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
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Unconscious According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
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ID Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic
energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The ID operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
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EGO The largely conscious, “Executive” part of
personality that, according to Freud, mediates demands of the it, the superego, and reality. The bill operates on the reality principle, satisfying the use desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
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Superego The part of personality that, according to
Freud, represents internalized ideals and provide standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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Psychosexual stages The childhood stages of development (oral,
anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which genital) during which according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies focused on distinct erogenous energies focused on distinct erogenous zones.zones.
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Oedipus complex According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires
toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
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Identification The process by which according to Freud,
children incorporate their parents values into their developing superego’s
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Fixation According to Freud, a lingering focus of
pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved.
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Defense mechanisms In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective
methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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Repression In cycle on theory, the basic defense
mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
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Regression Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which
an individual face with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
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Reaction formation Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which
the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety arousing unconscious feelings.
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Projection Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which
people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
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Rationalization Defense mechanism that others self-justifying
explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
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Displacement Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that
shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or a person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
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Collective consciousness Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited
reservoir of memory traces from our species history.
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Projective test A personality test, such as the Rorschach or
a TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A project to test in which people expressed their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
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Rorschach Ink Blot Tests The mostly widely used projective test, a set
of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of the blocks.
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Traits A characteristic pattern of behavior or a
disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports. File save
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Personality Inventory A questionnaire on which people respond to
items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
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Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory Most widely research and clinical use of all
personality test. Originally developed with to identify emotional disorders.
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Empirically derived tests A test developed by testing a pool of items
and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
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Personal control Our sense of controlling our environment
rather than feeling helplessness.
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External locus of control
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determined one’s fate.
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Internal locus of control The perception that one controls one’s own
fate.
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Learned helplessness The hopelessness and passive resignation
and now more human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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Spotlight effect Overestimating others noticing in evaluating
our appearance, performance, and blunders.
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Self-esteem One’s feelings of high or low self-worth.
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Self-serving bias A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.