Chapter 14: Nervous System Guided Notes (A-day)

Nervous System Overview

Major Function: Control the body's ____________ and ______________.

Divided into the _______________ Nervous System (CNS=Brain and Spinal Cord) and the _______________ Nervous System (PNS=Cranial and Spinal Nerves; the rest of the body).

Organs/Structures Description & Functions

Neurons (See Figure 1)

Parts:

Cell Body: Contains ___________ and ___________.

Dendrites: Cell extensions that ____________ information.

Axons:_____________ messages to other cells.

Myelin Sheath: Covers axons to ________ ___ signal transfer.

Connecting Points:

___________- The junction between two neurons, a neuron and a muscle fiber, or a neuron and a gland.

Synaptic Terminals- extensions at the end of the axons that release _____.

Neurotransmitters- ___________ messages released from vesicles by the synaptic terminals

Receptors- Proteins that the neurotransmitters bind to and receive signals from,

Sensory Receptors: Collect information from the outside world and from processes inside the body. ( Ex- _________ in eyes or _______________ _______________ in the skin.

Sensory Neurons: Transmit information from the receptors to the brain and spinal cord for processing.

Motor Neurons: Transmit signals to effectors ( ___________ _____ or ________).

__________________: Connect sensory and motor neurons and make local connections to the brain and spinal cord.

Nerve Fibers (aka nerves)

Bundles of _____________.

Nerves Afferent Nerves: Sending signals ______ the CNS.

Efferent Nerves: Sending signals ______ the CNS.

Nerve Impulse Membrane Potential: Difference in ______________ ________ across a cell membrane.

Resting Potential: Membrane potential when no signal is being transmitted.

Action Potential: Significant change in _____________ ____________ that leads to a signal being transmitted. (Nerve impulse occurs)

CNS: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (Brain & Spinal Cord)

Brain (Basic Structure)

Description: Part of the CNS. Found in the ____________ cavity

Function: Help to _____________- nerve signals to control the body's action.

Meninges: Membranes around the ________.

Cerebrum (Brain) (See Figure 2) (See Figure 3)

Cerebral Cortex: The _________________ layer of nervous tissue in the brain.

Frontal Lobe: Site for _____________ and speech.

____________ Lobe: Sensory Input. (temperature, pressure, touch, muscle control, etc). Also interprets _____________.

Temporal Lobe: Center for hearing, _________ , and language input.

____________ Lobe: Primary area for vision.

Cerebellum (Brain) (See Figure 4)

Description:

Located below and behind the __________

Highly Folded

Function:

Coordinates muscle action

Responsible for ____________.

Receives impulses from muscles, _________, joints, eyes, ______, and other brain centers.

Diencephalon (Brain) (See Figure 5)

Description:

Located between the ____________ and _________ ______.

Two parts: Thalamus and Hypothalamus Thalamus:

Receives incoming sensory signals

Affects memory, emotion, and motivation

Hypothalamus:

Helps maintain homeostasis. Hormone production

Affects memory, emotion, and motivation

Brainstem (Brain)

Description:

Leads from _________ to __________ cord

Three parts: Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla

Midbrain: Receives _________ and __________ signals.

______: Communications between cerebral hemispheres and cerebrum.

Medulla Oblongata: Control center for heart rate, respiration rate, etc.

Spinal Cord

Description: A column of tissue It has an outer sheath of matter and a rigid inner core of matter

Function: It's purpose is to transmit signals between the and of the body

Cerebrospinal Fluid

•Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through central canal in the spinal cord and of the brain

-This gives cells while taking away -It is also a cushion for the brain and spinal cord

•Gray Matter consists of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

PNS: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves & Autonomic Nervous System)

Cranial Nerves

Description, Location & Number:

Attached to the brain

arranged symmetrically

____ on each side of the brain

Function: Provide input and motor control.

Olfactory Nerve: Sensory input, carries impulses for smell to the

Optic Nerve: sensory input, carries impulses for

Oculomotor Nerve: conducts motor impulses to 4 of 6 muscles of the

Trochlear Nerve: conducts motor impulses to control superior oblique muscle of the

Trigeminal Nerve: sensory & motor fibers, provides sensory input from

Abducens Nerve: conducts motor impulses to the lateral rectus muscle of the

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Acoustic): sensory input for and

Glossopharyngeal Nerve: sensory and motor fibers provide general sense of

Vagus Nerve: sensory and motor fibers and is the longest of the cranial nerves.The fibers innervate platal and pharyngeal muscles and branch to the heart,lungs,stomach,and intestines.

Accessory Nerve: movement of and

Hypoglossal Nerve: controls muscles of the

Spinal Nerves

Description, Location & Number: pairs of nerves distributed along the length of the spinal cord.

Function: They send impulses to the

Dorsal/Sensory Roots: composed of afferent fibers carrying impulses to the cord

Ventral Roots: contains motor fibers carrying impulses to muscles and organs

Cervical Spinal Nerves: pairs

Thoracic Spinal Nerves: pairs

Lumbar Spinal Nerves: pairs

Sacral Spinal Nerves: pairs

Coccygeal Spinal Nerves: pair

ANS: AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (Part of Peripheral Nervous System)

Autonomic Nervous System

Transmits signals which regulate the internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles in the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, excretory, and endocrine systems

___________ Sympathetic Division:

Causes the heart to beat faster and adrenaline to be secreted when activated.

Also called- ______________________________________________________.

Parasympathetic Division: Slows the heartbeat and digestion when activated.

Pathology/Disorders of the Nervous System

Alzheimer’s Disease

progressive,___________ disease of the brain that is characterized by loss of _______ and other cognitive _______.

Encephalitis

inflammation of the _______.

Meningitis

_______ of the membranes that surround the _______ and _______.

Epilepsy brain disorder involving repeated _______ of any type.

Multiple Sclerosis

chronic, potentially debilitating disease that affects the ______ and _______.

Parkinson’s Disease

progressive disorder caused by _________ of nerve cells in the part of the brain that ____________.

Stroke

_____ of brain tissue that occurs when the ______ does not get enough ______ and ______.

SENSE ORGANS

The Ear Overview:

The site of _________ and ____________(balance)

Three distinct divisions- external, middle, and inner

External Ear: Includes Auricle(pinna), External Acoustic Meatus(auditory canal), and the Tympanic Membrane(__________).

Middle Ear: Contains Malleus, Incus, and Stapes; is lined with ___________ _____________.

Inner Ear: Contains __________, Vestibule, and Semicircular Canal.

Pathology of the Ear Hearing Loss:

Meniere’s Disease:

Otitis Media: inflammation or infection of any part of the _____,______,or _______.

Tinnitus: sensation of _____ or ______ sounds in _____ or _____ ears.

The Eye Function:The eye __________sight.

Orbit: contains the eyeball; cavity is lined with ___________ that ______ the eye.

Muscles of the Eye: ____ short muscles provide _______ and ________ movement.

Eyelids: protect ___________ from intense ________,________ particles, and _______.

Conjunctiva: acts as ______ covering and keeps ______ and ______ moist.

Lacrimal Apparatus: _______,______ and _______ tears.

Eyeball Function: The________ of vision.

Sclera: The _______ layer of the eyeball. (whites of your eyes)

Cornea: Transparent portion of the eye; bends light rays and helps focus them on the ______.

_________: Vascular membrane that prevents internal reflection of light.

Ciliary Body: _________ muscle that governs the convexity of the lens.

Iris: ___________ portion of the eyeball; regulates the amount of light.

Retina: Translates light waves into nerve impulses.

_______: Sharpens the focus of light on the retina.

Pathology of the Eye Cataract: Clouding of the eye's _____.

Conjunctivitis (_____________): Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the tissue that lines the inside of the _________ and helps keep the eyelid and the eyeballs moist.

Glaucoma: Group of eye diseases characterized by _________ intraocular pressure.

___________ ________________: Incurable eye disease that affects more than 10 million Americans.

Figure 1: Anatomy of a Neuron

Brain Structure

Figure 2:Hemispheres Figure 3: Cerebrum

Figure 4: Cerebellum Figure 5: Dicephalon

Figure 6: Brainstem

Figure 7: Nervous System Breakdown