chapter 14: geology and earth resources. 14.1 earth processes shape our resources earth is a dynamic...

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Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources

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Page 1: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Chapter 14: Geology and EarthResources

Page 2: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources

• Earth is a dynamic planet • Tectonic processes reshape continents and

cause earthquakes and volcanoes

Page 3: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

The Solid Earth

Page 4: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Global Earthquakes

Page 5: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Global Volcanoes

Page 6: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

The Earth’s Plates

Page 7: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

The Plate Tectonics Model

Page 8: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Global Plate Motions

Page 9: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

14.2 Rocks And Minerals

• The Rock Cycle Creates And Recycles Rocks • Weathering And Erosion Wear Down Rocks

Page 10: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

The Rock Cycle

Page 11: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

14.3 Economic Geology And Mineralogy

• Metals are essential to our economy • What Do You Think? Should We Revise Mining

Laws? – The Mining Law of 1872

• Nommetallic minerals include gravel, clay, sand, and salts

Page 12: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Bingham Canyon Pit, Utah

Page 13: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Bingham Canyon

Page 14: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Everything in Mines is Big

Page 15: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Everything in Mines is Very Big

Page 16: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

My Truck Can Eat Your Truck

Page 17: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Where Are They Now?

The Krupps

Page 18: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and
Page 19: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and
Page 20: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and
Page 21: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and
Page 22: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and
Page 23: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and
Page 24: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and
Page 25: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Taconite Pelletizer

Page 26: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Taconite Pellets

Page 27: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Taconite Pellets

Page 28: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Smelter, Sudbury, Ontario

Page 29: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

“Superstack”, Sudbury, Ontario:

Once 1% of the entire planet’s

sulfur emissions – 40,000 tons/day

Page 30: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Slag Pouring, Sudbury, Ontario

Page 31: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

14.4 Environmental Effects of Resource Extraction

• Mining can have serious environmental impacts– Acid runoff– Toxic metals

• Processing ores also has negative effects– Sulfur Emissions– Waste Disposal

Page 32: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Tailings, Bingham Canyon, Utah

Page 33: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Mercury Mine, California

Page 34: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Mine Runoff, Colorado

Page 35: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Climax Tailings Ponds, Colorado

Page 36: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Coal Tip, England

Page 38: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

14.5 Conserving Geological Resources

• Recycling saves energy as well as materials– About 50% of Iron and Steel is Recycled– Recycling Electronics

• New materials can replace mined resources– New Methods of Mining Low-Grade Ores– Synthesizing Minerals (Quartz, Diamonds)– Alternatives (Plastics for Metals)

Page 40: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Three Emerging Resource Problems

• Lithium (Batteries)– Evaporites (Bolivia): Far Easier to Extract– Pegmatites (Lepidolite, Spodumene)

• Rare Earths (Electronics)– Col-Tan and Congo Civil War– Chinese Monopoly– California mine to reopen

• Phosphorus (Fertilizer)– Morocco, China, South Africa, Jordan, U.S. = 90%

Page 41: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

14.6 Geological Hazards

• Earthquakes can be very destructive– “Earthquakes Don’t Kill People, Buildings Kill

People”• Volcanoes eject gas and ash, as well as lava– Lava is the Least Dangerous Product of Volcanoes

• Landslides are examples of mass wasting

Page 42: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Products of Eruptions

Lava Flows Pyroclastic Debris • Bombs • Lapilli • Ash MudflowsLandslides

Gases • Steam • Carbon Dioxide • H2S

• SO2 • HCl • HF

Page 43: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Environmental Hazards of Volcanoes

Pollution • SO2, HCl in Water Lava Flows Falling Ejecta Ash Falls • Building Collapse • Crop Destruction

Mudflows • Direct Damage

(Colombia, 1985) • Floods (Several Types)Blast (Mt. St. Helens, 1980) Pyroclastic Flow (St. Pierre,

1902) Gas (Lake Nyos, Cameroon,

1986)

Page 44: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Volcanic Explosivity IndexVEI Classification Description Plume Ejecta

volume Frequency Example

0 Hawaiian non-explosive < 100 m < 104m³ daily Mauna Loa

1 HawaiianStrombolian gentle 100-1000 m > 104 m³ daily Stromboli

2 StrombolianVulcanian explosive 1-5 km > 106 m³ weekly Galeras 1993

3 Vulcanian /Pelean severe 3-15 km > 107 m³ yearly Lassen 1915

4 Pelean/Plinian cataclysmic 10-25 km > 0.1 km³ ≥ 10 yrs Soufrière Hills 1995

5 Plinian paroxysmal > 25 km > 1 km³ ≥ 50 yrs St. Helens 1980

6 Plinian/Ultra-Plinian colossal > 25 km > 10 km³ ≥ 100 yrs Pinatubo 1991

7 Plinian/Ultra-Plinian super-colossal > 25 km > 100 km³ ≥ 1000 yrs Tambora 1815

8 Ultra-Plinian mega-colossal > 25 km > 1,000 km³ ≥ 10,000 yrs Toba (73,000 BP)

Page 45: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Major Hazards of Earthquakes

• Building Collapse • Landslides • Fire • Tsunamis (Not Tidal Waves!)

Page 46: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Safest & Most Dangerous Buildings

• Small, Wood-frame House - Safest • Steel-Frame • Reinforced Concrete • Unreinforced Masonry • Adobe - Most Dangerous • Loose Concrete Blocks (Haiti, 2010)

Page 47: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Not the Best Place to Build?

Page 48: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Construction, Turkey

Page 49: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Construction, Turkey

Page 50: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Construction, Turkey

Page 51: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Construction, Bosnia

Page 52: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Tile Roof, Costa Rica

Page 53: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Tile Roof, Costa Rica

Page 54: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Adobe Buttresses, Texas

Page 55: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Types of Mass Wasting

• Creep• Slow Landslide• Slump• Earthflow, Mudflow, Debris Flow• Avalanche

Page 56: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Soil Creep

Page 57: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Slide Lake, Wyoming, 1925

Page 58: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Vaiont Slide, Italy, 1962

Page 59: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Rear of Dam

Page 60: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Yungay, Peru, May 31, 1970

Page 61: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Yungay, Peru, May 31, 1970

Page 62: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Lituya Bay, Alaska, July 9, 1958

Page 63: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Lituya Bay, Before and

After

Page 64: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

The Scour Line

Page 65: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

The Highest Wave Ever Recorded

Page 66: Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and

Dealing With Mass-Wasting• Proper Land Use – Stay out of Danger• Take warnings seriously• Structural Control– Retaining Structures– Drainage– Terraces

• Warning System• Accept the Risk and Responsibility• Abolish Insurance ?