Chapter 13:Westward Expansion

How did westward expansion change the geography of the nation and demonstrate the

determination of its people? Pictures From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sager_orphans and http://www-tc.pbs.org/americanprophet/images/joseph-smith.jpg?Log=0

Section 1: The West

What cultures and ideas influenced the development of the West?

Westward Ho!

Pictures From: http://www.cyberlearning-world.com/lessons/ushistory/19thcentury/manifestdestiny4.htm and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:John_O'Sullivan.jpg

What Was “The West”?

• Before the early 1800’s the west was the area between the Appalachian Mts. and the Mississippi River.

• After the By the 1820’s the frontier “The West was the land west of the Mississippi River.

• It was the area in the Louisiana Purchase Territory and Oregon Country

• Frontier- the land that forms the farthest extent of a nations settled regions

“North America in 1830”

• Which nations had claims on Oregon?

• Great Britain/England and the US• What countries would the United States have to

deal with to gain more land on the Pacific Coast? What methods might the United States use to gain this land?

• Mexico and Great Britain; War, diplomacy

The Great Plains• Between the Mississippi River and The Rocky

Mts. • Farmers did not like the area at first because it

was hard to break the sod ground• Many considered the area a way to get to the

northwest or Southwest

Pictures From: http://www.eco-pros.com/images/Ecosystems/ADY60018plains.JPG and http://tornado.sfsu.edu/Geosciences/StormChasing/cases/ChaseLogs/2006/May21/Images/GreatPlainsB.jpg

The Northwest• Settlers were attracted to fertile land

• Great Britain and the US controlled this territory that is now Washington State and Oregon

The Southwest

• Known as Spanish Borderlands

• Present day CA, NV, NM, TX, AR, CO, UT

• Vast Cultural influences- Spanish, N-A’s shared their cultures

Pictures From: http://library.shu.edu/gallery/hill-Southwest_landscape_white_house_ruin_AZ.jpg and http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/photos/american_west/images/Grand%20Canyon.jpg

Spanish Controlled Mexico

• Before 1800’s Spanish controlled Mexico and its borderlands

• They set up mercantilism and they had a strict Social Class System- Peninisulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Native Americans, African Americans, Slaves

• Junipero Serro set up a missionary to convert N-A’s to Catholicism

Mexico Wins Independence

• 1821 Mexico declares Independence

• Rancheros were given individual grants from the Mexican govt.

• Mexican govt. removed missionaries and gave that land to the rancheros

MANIFEST DESTINY!

• By the 1840’s many Americans felt it was their RIGHT, their DUTY, to expand all the way from the Atlantic to the Pacific

• “From sea to shining sea”• John O’Sullivan made the idea of manifest

Destiny publicly known and encouraged by printing a column in his newspaper “Westward Ho!” became the theme

Section 2: Trails To The West

Why did people go west and what challenges did they face?

Pictures From: http://www.kshs.org/places/kawmission/eurosantafetrail.htm and

The Santa Fe Trail

• The first Americans to move west were traders

• They wanted new markets to sell their goods

Santa Fe Trail

• 1821 Captain William Becknell brought a wagon full of supplies from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

• Becknell had to cross raging rivers, deal with wild animals, mountains, desert, and much more

Pictures From: http://steamboattimes.com/artwork_1.html

Oregon Fur Trade

• John Jacob Astor was a German immigrant who sent the first American fur trading expedition to Oregon Country

• American Fur Trading Co in 1808 was established

• Astor became a millionaire

John Jacob Astor

Pictures From: http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-oldwest/John%20Jacob%20Astor.jpg and http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-oldwest/ReturningToCamp1880-500.jpg AND http://www.joevenusartist.com/Images/Snap-sm.jpg

Mountain Men

• Mountain men were fur trappers from the west• Mountain men led dangerous, lonely lives• Jebediah Smith was a famous mountain man

who supposedly had wild adventures• Rendezvous – a meeting where trappers would

trade furs for supplies

Oregon Trail

• The FIRST easterners to build permanent homes in Oregon were MISSIONARIES

• 1830’s missionaries began traveling west to convert Native Americans to Christianity

• Marcus and Narcissa Whitman were the first to set up a mission in Oregon

Section 3: Conflict With Mexico

What were the causes and effects of the Texas War for Independence and the Mexican-American War?

Stephen AustinGeneral Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Pictures From: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/mexican-war/pictures/santa-ana.jpg and http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-texas/AlamoBattle.jpg , http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-texas/AlamoBattle.jpg

Battle of the Alamo

Texas Wins Independence!

• 1820 Spanish governor gives Moses Austin land in what is now present-day Texas

• Moses dies before he gets there and his son Stephen Austin takes a small group to colonize the territory

• Soon after Mexico wins independence from Spain

Stephen Austin “Father of Texas”

• Mexican government agrees to continue to honor Austin’s claim to the land

• Austin agrees that he and his colonists will become Mexican citizens

• In doing so he agrees to worship in the Roman Catholic church

Growing Conflict

• 1,000’s of Americans flock to Texas

• New settlers are protestant and do not want to become Catholics

• Many of the new settlers are slave holders and slavery was not allowed in Mexico

• For a while Mexico tolerates the violations of its laws but tensions grow fast

Declaring Independence

• Tensions grow and Texans want more representation in the Mexican legislature

• Tejanos – Texans of Mexican decent

• Tejanos had been hoping for a more democratic government in Mexico

• Instead they get General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Texans at War

• Stephen Austin urges Texans to revolt against the dictator Santa Anna

• In 1836 Texans declare independence from Mexico

• Republic of Texas is created (They are their own country) “Lone Star Republic”

Texans At War

• Santa Anna laid siege at The Alamo• Siege is an attack in which one force surrounds a

city or fort• Defenders at the Alamo- Davy Crocket, Jim

Bowie, William B Travis, with several others defended the Alamo for 12 days

• They were ill equipped and ended up surrendering

Texans At War

• After the massacre at the Alamo Sam Houston led a small army in a surprise attack on Santa Anna at San Jacinto

• Texans shouted “Remember the Alamo!”

• After only 18 minutes Santa Anna was captured and Sam Houston and the Texans were victorious at the Battle of San Jacinto

Pictures From: http://texashistory.info/Sam-Houston.html

Republic of Texas

• Sam Houston became President of Texas• Houston wanted the US to annex (add on) Texas

to the US• Problem- Texas was a slave state so the issue of

slavery is dividing the nation further• Southerners were for annexation- northerners

against• President Andrew Jackson and Marten Van

Buren refused to support Annexation

Annexing Texas and Oregon

• During the Presidential election of 1844 the annexation of Texas became a hot topic

• President John Tyler favored annexation• But Tyler was not nominated for a 2nd term• Whigs nominate Henry Clay- he hoped to

avoid the issue• James K Polk for the Democrats wanted

both Texas and Oregon annexed

James K Polk’s Campaign

Pictures From: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our- first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/955pres6.gif

California Gold Rush

Levi Strauss