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Chapter 12: Earthquakes

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Page 1: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Chapter 12: Earthquakes

Page 2: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries
Page 3: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries
Page 4: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Where do earthquakes tend to occur?

Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic

plate boundaries.

Page 5: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

San Andreas Fault, California

What is a fault?

A fault is a break or crack in Earth’s crust along which rocks shift their position.

Page 6: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Describing a Fault:

- Fault Line- Fault Plane- Foot Wall- Hanging Wall

Page 7: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Type of Plate Boundary

Type of Faulting

Divergent Normal

Convergent Reverse

Transform Strike-Slip

Page 8: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Normal

Page 9: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Divergent

Page 10: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Reverse

Page 11: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Convergent

Page 12: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Strike-slip

Page 13: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Transform

Page 14: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Type of Plate Boundary

Type of Faulting

Divergent Normal

Convergent Reverse

Transform Strike-Slip

Page 15: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries
Page 16: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Fault Zones

Page 17: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

What’s happening in CA?

http://quake.usgs.gov/recenteqs/latestfault.htm
Page 18: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Will CA break off and fall into the ocean?

Page 19: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Faults in Southern California

http://www.data.scec.org/faults/faultmap.html
Page 20: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

What is seismology?

Seismology: a science that deals with earthquakes and with artificially produced vibrations of Earth

Page 21: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

• Seismograph: an instrument that records vibrations in the ground.

• Seismogram: a tracing of earthquake motion that is recorded by a seismograph.

Page 22: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

~300 miles long!

• shaking lasted ~1 minute

• felt from southern Oregon to central Nevada, and south of Los Angeles (maybe in SD?)

1906 San Francisco Earthquake M 7.7 to M7.9?

Page 23: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

1906 San Francisco Earthquake M 7.7 to M7.9?

Massive fires followed the earthquake and burned for several days

Page 24: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

• Magnitude: a measure of its strength of an earthquake.

• Intensity: (in Earth Science) the amount of damage caused by an earthquake.

Page 25: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

1906 San Francisco Earthquake M 7.7 to M7.9?

Casualties and Damage

Casualties 3000+

People left homeless 225,000

Buildings destroyed 28,000

Page 26: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

1994 Northridge, CA Earthquake M 6.7

Page 27: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

2004 Sumatra Earthquake

M 9.3

Page 28: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Coastal damage from the tsunami

Page 29: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Countries most affected by the earthquake and tsunami

Page 30: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Stress and Aftershocks

Page 31: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

What is happening to the Pacific plate and the North American plate?

What happens along the

fault?

Page 32: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

At the plate boundary

Elastic Rebound: the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape

Page 33: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

After the Earthquake

Page 34: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Near-field: Earthquake

Page 35: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

What else happens after a big earthquake?

Page 36: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Aftershocks…

• Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that occur after a larger earthquake

– Happen near the mainshock– Are smaller magnitudes than the mainshock

Page 37: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries
Page 38: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

How deep do earthquakes occur?

Page 39: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries
Page 40: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Earthquakes occur in the lithosphere

Page 41: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Earthquakes occur on faults beneath the surface of Earth

Page 42: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries
Page 43: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Focus: the location within Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs

Page 44: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Epicenter: the point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus

Page 45: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries
Page 46: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries
Page 47: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Recording Earthquake Motion

& Identifying Seismic Waves

Page 48: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Seismograph: The instrumentApparatus to measure and record vibrations

Seismogram: The actual wiggleRecord of an earthquake recorded by a seismograph

The difference between a “Seismograph” and a “Seismogram”

FuturePast

Page 49: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Waves from water drop spread out in circles

Page 50: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Earthquakes do the same thing, but in 3 dimensions

Page 51: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Seismic Waves• Body Waves: in geology, a seismic wave that

travels through the body of a medium.

• Surface Wave: in geology, a seismic wave that travels along the surface of a medium and that has a stronger effect near the surface of the medium that it has in the interior.

Page 52: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

P-waves

S-waves

Surface waves

Page 53: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

P-waves• primary wave• compression wave• fastest of the seismic

waves• can travel through solids,

liquids, and gases

Surface waves• 2 types: Love waves and

Rayleigh waves• Slowest seismic waves• May cause the greatest

damage in an earthquake

S-waves• secondary wave• shear wave• second-fastest seismic wave• can only travel through

solids

Seismic wavesSeismic waves

Page 54: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Surface Waves• Love Waves: cause rock

to move side to side and perpendicular to the direction in which the waves are traveling.

• Rayleigh Waves: cause the ground to move with an elliptical, rolling motion.

Page 55: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Travel time from San Diego to Los Angeles

P-waves 25 seconds 25 seconds

S-waves 41 seconds 41 seconds

Surface waves 50 seconds50 seconds

Page 56: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Types of Seismic Waves:P-wave, S-wave, surface wave

Page 57: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries
Page 58: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Seismic Waves and Earth’s Interior• Shadow Zone: an area on

Earth’s surface where no direct seismic waves from a particular earthquake can be detected.

• Shadow zones exist because the materials that make up Earth’s interior are not uniform in rigidity.

Page 59: Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries

Seismic data can also be used to learn about Earth


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