Chapter 11 Section 2 Chapter 11 Section 2 Notes Notes Life Behind the Life Behind the LinesLines

Setting the SceneSetting the Scene• By early 1862, the By early 1862, the

“picnic” atmosphere “picnic” atmosphere evident at the evident at the beginning of the First beginning of the First Battle of Bull Run was Battle of Bull Run was gone. gone.

• It was clear that the It was clear that the war was going to be war was going to be neither quick nor neither quick nor easyeasy

• The resources of both The resources of both sides would be sides would be severely strainedseverely strained

Politics in the SouthPolitics in the South• The South faced a crisis The South faced a crisis

of manpower.of manpower.• As Grant moved toward As Grant moved toward

Mississippi and Mississippi and McClellan's army McClellan's army threatened Richmond, threatened Richmond, many Confederate many Confederate soldiers neared the end soldiers neared the end of their enlistments. of their enlistments.

• Few seemed ready to Few seemed ready to reenlist.reenlist.

The The Confederate Confederate

SealSeal

MOTTO MOTTO “With “With God As Our God As Our Vindicator”Vindicator”

Politics in the SouthPolitics in the South• The South had more difficulty dealing The South had more difficulty dealing

w/its problems than the Northw/its problems than the North• Fearing the war would be lost if there Fearing the war would be lost if there

were not enough soldiers to fight, General were not enough soldiers to fight, General Lee called for a draft, or required military Lee called for a draft, or required military service. service.

• Opponents of strong central government Opponents of strong central government claimed that a draft violated the claimed that a draft violated the principles of states' rights that the South principles of states' rights that the South was fighting for.was fighting for.

Southern DraftSouthern Draft• In April 1862, the Confederate In April 1862, the Confederate

congress passed a draft law congress passed a draft law requiring three years of military requiring three years of military service for white men ages 18 service for white men ages 18 to 35.to 35.

• After the horrible losses at After the horrible losses at Antietam, the upper age for the Antietam, the upper age for the draft became 45, then 50.draft became 45, then 50.

• The Confederate gov’t also took The Confederate gov’t also took charge of the economy by charge of the economy by determining how much cotton determining how much cotton and leather should be produced.and leather should be produced.

• Farmers had to contribute 10 Farmers had to contribute 10 percent of their crops to the war percent of their crops to the war effort.effort.

Confederate White House

Politics in the SouthPolitics in the South• To help raise money for the war, the To help raise money for the war, the

Confederate congress imposed a tax on Confederate congress imposed a tax on personal incomes. personal incomes.

• The Confederate government also The Confederate government also authorized the army to seize male slaves authorized the army to seize male slaves for military labor. for military labor.

• Though they were paid a monthly fee for Though they were paid a monthly fee for borrowed slaves, planters resented this borrowed slaves, planters resented this practice because it disrupted work on practice because it disrupted work on their plantations.their plantations.

Impact of States’ RightsImpact of States’ Rights

• Not all of the mobilization efforts above Not all of the mobilization efforts above were successful. were successful.

• A fierce commitment to states' rights A fierce commitment to states' rights worked against the Confederate worked against the Confederate government and harmed the war effort government and harmed the war effort in many ways. in many ways.

• These states left the United States These states left the United States because they believed states should because they believed states should have more power than the federal gov’t.have more power than the federal gov’t.

Impact of States’ RightsImpact of States’ Rights

• Now the Confederate gov’t was Now the Confederate gov’t was trying to force states to produce trying to force states to produce soldiers, cotton and slaves.soldiers, cotton and slaves.

• It is estimated that perhaps one It is estimated that perhaps one quarter of Confederate men eligible quarter of Confederate men eligible for the draft failed to cooperate.for the draft failed to cooperate.

Seeking Help From Seeking Help From EuropeEurope• Although the Union blockade Although the Union blockade

prevented Southern cotton prevented Southern cotton from reaching Great Britain from reaching Great Britain and France, Southerners and France, Southerners hoped for European help.hoped for European help.

• In May 1861, the Confederate In May 1861, the Confederate government sent government sent representatives to both representatives to both nations. nations.

• Even though the Confederacy Even though the Confederacy failed to gain recognition, or failed to gain recognition, or official acceptance as an official acceptance as an independent nation, it did independent nation, it did receive some help. receive some help.

• Great Britain agreed to allow Great Britain agreed to allow its ports to be used to build its ports to be used to build Confederate privateersConfederate privateers

The Alabama

Seeking Help From Seeking Help From EuropeEurope• One of these vessels, the One of these vessels, the

Alabama,Alabama, captured more captured more than 60 Northern than 60 Northern merchant ships. merchant ships.

• In all, 11 British-built In all, 11 British-built Confederate privateers Confederate privateers forced most Union forced most Union shipping from the high shipping from the high seas for much of the war.seas for much of the war.

• British opinion about the British opinion about the war was divided.war was divided.

• Some leaders Some leaders sympathized w/the southsympathized w/the south

Seeking Help From Seeking Help From EuropeEurope

• However, there was also strong anti-However, there was also strong anti-slavery feeling in Britainslavery feeling in Britain

• Others questioned whether the Others questioned whether the Confederacy would be able to win the Confederacy would be able to win the war. war.

• The British government adopted a wait-The British government adopted a wait-and-see attitude. and-see attitude.

• To get foreign help, the South would first To get foreign help, the South would first have to prove itself on the battlefieldhave to prove itself on the battlefield

Politics in the NorthPolitics in the North• President Lincoln had to President Lincoln had to

convince Northern citizens convince Northern citizens that maintaining the Union that maintaining the Union was worth the sacrifices was worth the sacrifices they were being asked to they were being asked to make. make.

• efforts focused on raising efforts focused on raising troops and uniting the troops and uniting the nation behind the war nation behind the war effort. effort.

• In addition, the federal In addition, the federal government found itself government found itself facing international crises facing international crises as it worked to strengthen as it worked to strengthen civilian support for the war.civilian support for the war.

Lincoln meets with McClellan

Tensions with Great Tensions with Great BritainBritain• Confederate president Davis sent 2 Confederate president Davis sent 2

representatives from the Confederacy representatives from the Confederacy to England and France. to England and France.

• After evading the Union blockade, After evading the Union blockade, John Slidell and James Mason boarded John Slidell and James Mason boarded the British mail ship the British mail ship TrentTrent and and steamed for Europesteamed for Europe

• Soon a Union warship stopped the Soon a Union warship stopped the TrentTrent in international waters, removed in international waters, removed the two Confederate officials, and the two Confederate officials, and brought them to the United States.brought them to the United States.

• An outraged British government sent An outraged British government sent troops to Canada and threatened war troops to Canada and threatened war unless Slidell and Mason were freed. unless Slidell and Mason were freed.

• President Lincoln ordered their President Lincoln ordered their release. “One war at a time,” he said.release. “One war at a time,” he said.

Republicans in ControlRepublicans in Control

• With Southern Democrats out of the With Southern Democrats out of the US Congress, Republican lawmakers US Congress, Republican lawmakers had little oppositionhad little opposition

• Republicans were able to pass a Republicans were able to pass a number of laws during the war that number of laws during the war that would have a lasting impact, would have a lasting impact,

• In July 1862, however, Congress In July 1862, however, Congress passed the Pacific Railroad Act with passed the Pacific Railroad Act with little resistance. little resistance.

• the federal government would give the federal government would give land and money to companies for land and money to companies for construction of a railroad line from construction of a railroad line from Nebraska to the Pacific Coast. Nebraska to the Pacific Coast.

• This would never have passed if This would never have passed if southern states remained in the Union southern states remained in the Union at this time.at this time.

Republicans in ControlRepublicans in Control

• The Homestead Act, passed in the The Homestead Act, passed in the same year, offered free government same year, offered free government land to people willing to settle and land to people willing to settle and farm on it.farm on it.

• Congress could also raise tariffs.Congress could also raise tariffs.• The tariff became more a device to The tariff became more a device to

protect Northern industries than to protect Northern industries than to provide revenue for the governmentprovide revenue for the government

Financial MeasuresFinancial Measures• In 1861, the Republican-In 1861, the Republican-

controlled Congress passed the controlled Congress passed the first federal tax on income in first federal tax on income in US history.US history.

• It collected 3 percent of It collected 3 percent of peoples’ income earning more peoples’ income earning more than $600 a year but less than than $600 a year but less than $10,000$10,000

• Those making more than Those making more than $10,000 per year were taxed at $10,000 per year were taxed at 5 percent. 5 percent.

• The Internal Revenue Act of The Internal Revenue Act of 1862 imposed taxes on items 1862 imposed taxes on items such as liquor, tobacco, such as liquor, tobacco, medicine, and newspaper ads. medicine, and newspaper ads.

• Nearly all of these taxes ended Nearly all of these taxes ended when the war was over.when the war was over.

Civil War Greenbacks

First US income tax

Financial Measures Financial Measures • During the war, Congress During the war, Congress

also reformed the nation's also reformed the nation's banking system. banking system.

• In 1862, Congress passed In 1862, Congress passed an act that created a an act that created a national currency, called national currency, called greenbacks because of greenbacks because of their color. their color.

• This paper money was not This paper money was not backed by gold, but was backed by gold, but was declared by Congress to declared by Congress to be acceptable for legal be acceptable for legal payment of all public and payment of all public and private debts.private debts.

Life on the Home FrontLife on the Home FrontSouthern Home FrontSouthern Home Front

• Shortages made life Shortages made life difficult. difficult.

• There were few factories, There were few factories, and food production and food production dropped because of war. dropped because of war.

• War was fought on credit, War was fought on credit, and inflation resulted. and inflation resulted.

• High prices and shortages High prices and shortages led to food riots.led to food riots.

• Soldiers deserted to take Soldiers deserted to take care of their families.care of their families.

• Poor men were patriotic, Poor men were patriotic, but their families came but their families came first.first.

Confederate DraftConfederate Draft

• Needed to maintain the Needed to maintain the armyarmy

• Confederate Congress Confederate Congress enacted 1enacted 1stst military draft in military draft in American history—April American history—April 18621862

• Unpopular Unpopular conscriptionconscription contradicted states’ rightscontradicted states’ rights

• Governors of Georgia and Governors of Georgia and North Carolina tried to North Carolina tried to block the draft.block the draft.

• Slaveholders were Slaveholders were exempted from the draft.exempted from the draft.

• Some areas were placed Some areas were placed under martial law.under martial law.

Opposition to WarOpposition to War• Like the South, the North instituted a Like the South, the North instituted a

draft in order to raise troops for what draft in order to raise troops for what now looked like a longer, more difficult now looked like a longer, more difficult war. war.

• And like the Southern law, this March And like the Southern law, this March 1863 measure allowed the wealthy to 1863 measure allowed the wealthy to buy their way out of military service. buy their way out of military service.

• Riots broke out in the North after the Riots broke out in the North after the draft law was passed. draft law was passed.

• Mobs of whites in New York City vented Mobs of whites in New York City vented their rage at the draft in July 1863. their rage at the draft in July 1863.

• More than 100 people died during four More than 100 people died during four days of destruction. days of destruction.

• At least 11 of the dead were African At least 11 of the dead were African Americans, who seemed to be targeted Americans, who seemed to be targeted by the rioters.by the rioters.

North initiates the Draft 1863

Recruiting Irish Immigrants Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYCin NYC

NYC Draft Riots, NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, (July 13-16, 1863)1863)

Opposition to WarOpposition to War• There was political There was political

opposition to the war as wellopposition to the war as well• one group raised their voices one group raised their voices

in protest against the war. in protest against the war. • This group was nicknamed This group was nicknamed

Copperheads,Copperheads,• These Democrats warned These Democrats warned

that Republican policies that Republican policies would bring a flood of freed would bring a flood of freed slaves to the North. slaves to the North.

• They predicted that these They predicted that these freed slaves would take jobs freed slaves would take jobs away from whites. away from whites.

• Radical Copperheads also Radical Copperheads also tried to persuade Union tried to persuade Union soldiers to desert the army, soldiers to desert the army, and they urged other and they urged other Northerners to resist the Northerners to resist the draft.draft.

Lincoln uses Emergency Lincoln uses Emergency MethodsMethods

• To silence the Copperheads and other To silence the Copperheads and other opponents of the war, Lincoln resorted to opponents of the war, Lincoln resorted to extreme measuresextreme measures

• Used the army to shut down opposition Used the army to shut down opposition newspapers and denied opponents the use of newspapers and denied opponents the use of mailing.mailing.

• The border states provided a special set of The border states provided a special set of problems. problems.

• The loyalty of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, The loyalty of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky was critical to the Northand Kentucky was critical to the North

Lincoln uses Emergency Lincoln uses Emergency MethodsMethods

• In Maryland, support for secession was In Maryland, support for secession was strong. strong.

• In September 1861, Lincoln ordered In September 1861, Lincoln ordered that all “disloyal” members of the that all “disloyal” members of the Maryland state legislature be arrested. Maryland state legislature be arrested.

• This action prevented a vote on This action prevented a vote on secession and assured that secession and assured that Washington would not be surrounded Washington would not be surrounded by the Confederacyby the Confederacy

Lincoln uses Emergency Lincoln uses Emergency MethodsMethods• The Union needed the loyalty of The Union needed the loyalty of

Kentucky and Missouri in order to Kentucky and Missouri in order to keep control of the Ohio and keep control of the Ohio and Mississippi riversMississippi rivers

• To secure Kentucky, he put the To secure Kentucky, he put the state under martial law for part of state under martial law for part of the war. the war.

• This is emergency rule by military This is emergency rule by military authorities, during which some Bill authorities, during which some Bill of Rights guarantees are of Rights guarantees are suspended. suspended.

• Lincoln is the only United States Lincoln is the only United States President ever to exercise this President ever to exercise this power.power.

• ““I HOPEI HOPE to have God on my side, to have God on my side, but I but I HADHAD to have Kentucky.” – to have Kentucky.” –Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln

Lincoln uses Emergency Lincoln uses Emergency MethodsMethods• In some places Lincoln suspended the In some places Lincoln suspended the

writ of habeas corpus. writ of habeas corpus. • This is a legal protection requiring that a This is a legal protection requiring that a

court determine if a person is lawfully court determine if a person is lawfully imprisoned. imprisoned.

• Without it, people can be held in jail for Without it, people can be held in jail for indefinite periods even though they are indefinite periods even though they are not charged with a crime. not charged with a crime.

• The Constitution allows suspension of the The Constitution allows suspension of the writ of writ of habeas corpushabeas corpus during a rebellion. during a rebellion.

Lincoln uses Emergency Lincoln uses Emergency MethodsMethods

•     More than 13,000 Americans who objected More than 13,000 Americans who objected to the Union government's policies were to the Union government's policies were imprisoned without trial during the Civil War. imprisoned without trial during the Civil War.

• They included newspaper editors and They included newspaper editors and elected state officials, plus Southern elected state officials, plus Southern sympathizers and some who actually did aid sympathizers and some who actually did aid the Confederacy. the Confederacy.

• Most Northerners approved of Lincoln's Most Northerners approved of Lincoln's actions as necessary to restore the Unionactions as necessary to restore the Union..

TheTheEmancipatiEmancipati

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Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation• It freed the It freed the

slaves only in slaves only in states that have states that have seceded from seceded from the Union.the Union.

• It did not free It did not free slaves in border slaves in border states.states.

• Issued January Issued January 1, 18631, 1863

African-Americans Join the African-Americans Join the WarWar• The Emancipation The Emancipation

Proclamation had two Proclamation had two immediate effects. immediate effects.

• 1-It inspired Southern 1-It inspired Southern slaves who heard about it slaves who heard about it to free themselves by to free themselves by escaping to the protection escaping to the protection of Union troops. of Union troops.

• 2-It also encouraged 2-It also encouraged African Americans to join African Americans to join the Union army the Union army

• Initially they were only Initially they were only used for manual laborused for manual labor

• Eventually, Blacks saw live Eventually, Blacks saw live combatcombat

• 5454thth regiment out of regiment out of MassachusettsMassachusetts

Southern slaves fled northSouthern slaves fled northSouthern slaves fled northSouthern slaves fled north

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The Famous 54th The Famous 54th MassachusettsMassachusetts

The 4The 4thth Colored infantry defended Colored infantry defended Washington, D.C. during the war.Washington, D.C. during the war.The 4The 4thth Colored infantry defended Colored infantry defended Washington, D.C. during the war.Washington, D.C. during the war.

HelloHelloHelloHello

Robert Gould Shaw Memorial-State House on Beacon Hill,

Boston

African-AmericansAfrican-Americansin Civil War Battlesin Civil War Battles

African-American SoldiersAfrican-American Soldiers• Early in the war, Union soldiers freed escaped Early in the war, Union soldiers freed escaped

slaves when they attacked southern towns.slaves when they attacked southern towns.• After the Emancipation Proclamation, many After the Emancipation Proclamation, many

former slaves enlisted to fight the Confederacy. former slaves enlisted to fight the Confederacy. • By 1865, nearly 180,000 African Americans had By 1865, nearly 180,000 African Americans had

enlisted in the Union army-10 percent of the enlisted in the Union army-10 percent of the union army.union army.

• African American soldiers, however, served in African American soldiers, however, served in all-black regiments under the command of all-black regiments under the command of white officers. white officers.

• Until June 1864, African Americans earned less Until June 1864, African Americans earned less pay than white soldiers.pay than white soldiers.

The 107The 107thth Colored infantry fought Colored infantry fought valiantly when allowed on the front valiantly when allowed on the front

lines which was not often.lines which was not often.

The 107The 107thth Colored infantry fought Colored infantry fought valiantly when allowed on the front valiantly when allowed on the front

lines which was not often.lines which was not often.

HelloHelloHelloHello

African-American Soldiers-African-American Soldiers-Massachusetts 54Massachusetts 54thth Infantry Infantry

• In July 1863, an African In July 1863, an African American regiment earned a American regiment earned a place in history at Fort Wagner, place in history at Fort Wagner, a stronghold that protected the a stronghold that protected the harbor at Charleston, South harbor at Charleston, South Carolina. Carolina.

• On July 18, the 54th On July 18, the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, Massachusetts Infantry, commanded by Colonel Robert commanded by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, led the attack on Gould Shaw, led the attack on the fort. the fort.

• The regiment's charge across a The regiment's charge across a narrow spit of sand cost it nearly narrow spit of sand cost it nearly half its men. half its men.

• Sergeant William Carney, the Sergeant William Carney, the first African American to earn first African American to earn the Congressional Medal of the Congressional Medal of Honor, was among the survivors. Honor, was among the survivors.

• So were Frederick Douglass's So were Frederick Douglass's two sonstwo sons

Hardships of WarHardships of War

• The Emancipation Proclamation changed The Emancipation Proclamation changed the culture and the economy in the South the culture and the economy in the South

• these developments prompted thousands these developments prompted thousands of slaves to escape to freedom. of slaves to escape to freedom.

• Some who remained on plantations Some who remained on plantations resisted slavery by not doing their work resisted slavery by not doing their work or by destroying farm equipment. or by destroying farm equipment.

Hardships of War

• These developments hurt the These developments hurt the Confederacy in two ways. Confederacy in two ways.

• They depleted or weakened the South's They depleted or weakened the South's labor force, and they provided the North labor force, and they provided the North with even greater numerical advantages with even greater numerical advantages in the war effort. in the war effort.

Life in the MilitaryLife in the Military

• Conditions were poor, tents were crowded, and the ground muddy or dusty depending on the weather.

• Camp rations were good, but while on the march soldiers relied on hardtack and coffee.

Wartime Wartime medicinemedicine

• Disease was responsible for most deaths, and various epidemics swept through the camps.

• Sanitary Commission worked to improve conditions.

Camp Camp lifelife

• Prisoner exchanges ended in 1863, and both sides were guilty of inhumane treatment of prisoners.

• Most notorious camps—Andersonville and Elmira

Prison Prison campscamps

Hardships of WarHardships of War• both sides faced labor both sides faced labor

shortages, inflation, and other shortages, inflation, and other economic problems. economic problems.

• By 1863, the North's greater By 1863, the North's greater resources were allowing it to resources were allowing it to meet these challenges, while meet these challenges, while the South could not. the South could not.

• Among the problems the Among the problems the Confederacy faced during the Confederacy faced during the war was a food shortage war was a food shortage

• Invading armies disrupted the Invading armies disrupted the South's food-growing regions South's food-growing regions as well as its production of as well as its production of cotton.cotton.

Inflation in the South

Hardships of WarHardships of War• food riots erupted in Southern food riots erupted in Southern

cities. cities. • The worst of these occurred in The worst of these occurred in

Richmond, Richmond, • nearly 1,000 women looted nearly 1,000 women looted

bakeries and other shops in bakeries and other shops in April 1863April 1863

• The hardships at home The hardships at home increased desertions in the increased desertions in the Confederate army. Confederate army.

• Some soldiers returned home Some soldiers returned home to work their farms and help to work their farms and help provide for their wives and provide for their wives and childrenchildren

The Northern EconomyThe Northern Economy• most Northern industries most Northern industries

boomedboomed• the North had the farms and the North had the farms and

factories to produce factories to produce everything its army and everything its army and civilian population needed. civilian population needed.

• War-related industries fared War-related industries fared especially well. especially well.

• Philip Armour made a Philip Armour made a fortune packaging pork to fortune packaging pork to feed Union soldiers. feed Union soldiers.

• Samuel Colt ran his factory Samuel Colt ran his factory night and day producing night and day producing guns for the army.guns for the army.

Copperheads and the Union DraftCopperheads and the Union Draft

No shortages, but the Union needed to draft more soldiers Union draft law allowed the wealthy to hire substitutes or pay a $300 fee—making the war a poor man’s fight.

Antidraft riots fueled an existing antiwar movement, called Peace Democrats by supporters, Copperheads by critics.

Vocal critics who opposed the war, the draft, or emancipation were arrested and jailed without trials. This was possible because Lincoln suspended habeas corpus across the entire country, saying he was willing to violate the constitution in order to save the nation.

Prison CampsPrison Camps• Captured Confederate Captured Confederate

soldiers were sent to soldiers were sent to prison camps throughout prison camps throughout the North, including Point the North, including Point Lookout in MarylandLookout in Maryland

• The South's prison camps The South's prison camps were located wherever were located wherever there was room. there was room.

• Andersonville, its most Andersonville, its most notorious camp, was in a notorious camp, was in a field in Georgia.field in Georgia.

Point Lookout, MD-Planned to hold 10,000-50,000 were kept

Point Lookout MemorialPoint Lookout Memorialof 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisonersof 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisoners

Confederate Prison CampConfederate Prison Campat Andersonville, GAat Andersonville, GA

Distributing “Rations”Distributing “Rations”

Prison CampsPrison Camps• The North and the South generally treated their The North and the South generally treated their

prisoners about the same. prisoners about the same. • In most cases officers received better treatment In most cases officers received better treatment

than other prisoners. than other prisoners. • Andersonville was the exception. Andersonville was the exception. • Built to hold 10,000 men, it eventually confined Built to hold 10,000 men, it eventually confined

nearly 35,000 Northerners in a fenced, 26-acre nearly 35,000 Northerners in a fenced, 26-acre open area. open area.

• About 100 prisoners a day died, usually of About 100 prisoners a day died, usually of starvation or exposure. starvation or exposure.

• The camp's commander was the only The camp's commander was the only Confederate to be tried for war crimes after the Confederate to be tried for war crimes after the South's defeat. South's defeat.

• He was convicted and hanged.He was convicted and hanged.

Union “Survivors”Union “Survivors”

• Union Prisoner’s Union Prisoner’s RecordRecordatatAndersonvilleAndersonville