Chapter 11 – Chapter 11 – Sect. 11-3 to 11-5Sect. 11-3 to 11-5

Hazards and Risk AssessmentHazards and Risk Assessment

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES: Assess the types and effects of chemical Assess the types and effects of chemical

and biological hazards.and biological hazards. Describe risk assessment.Describe risk assessment.

RISKS AND HAZARDSRISKS AND HAZARDS

Risk is. . .Risk is. . . We can suffer from:We can suffer from:

Biological hazardsBiological hazards Chemical hazardsChemical hazards Physical hazardsPhysical hazards Cultural hazardsCultural hazards

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDSBIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Transmissible vs Transmissible vs

nontransmissablenontransmissable

Disease spread – Disease spread – change in change in physical, social, physical, social, biological envmt.biological envmt.

Epidemiological Epidemiological transitiontransition

Solutions

Infectious Diseases

Increase research on tropical diseases and vaccines

Reduce poverty

Decrease malnutrition

Improve drinking water quality

Reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics

Educate people to take all of an antibiotic prescription

Reduce antibiotic use to promote livestock growth

Careful hand washing by all medical personnel

Immunize children against major viral diseases

Oral rehydration for diarrhea victims

Global campaign to reduce HIV/AIDS

TOXIC CHEMICALSTOXIC CHEMICALS LDLD5050

MutagensMutagens TeratogensTeratogens CarcinogensCarcinogens Others (immune, nervous, endocrine)Others (immune, nervous, endocrine)

HAZARDOUS CHEMICALSHAZARDOUS CHEMICALS FlammableFlammable ExplosiveExplosive IrritantIrritant AsphyxiantAsphyxiant AllergenAllergen

ASSESSING ASSESSING CHEMICAL CHEMICAL HAZARDSHAZARDS Dose; Dose;

Frequency; Frequency; Biology; Biology; GeneticsGenetics

VariablesVariables

RISK ANALYSISRISK ANALYSIS

ScientistsScientists

Comparative Risk Analysis

Most Serious Ecological and Health Problems

High-Risk Health Problems • Indoor air pollution • Outdoor air pollution • Worker chemical exposure • Pollutants in drinking water • Pesticide residues on food • Toxic chemicals in consumer products

High-Risk Ecological Problems • Global climate change • Stratospheric ozone depletion • Wildlife habitat alteration & destruction • Species extinction, loss of biodiversity

Medium-Risk Ecological Problems • Acid deposition • Pesticides • Airborne toxic chemicals • Toxic chemicals, nutrients, and sediment in surface waters

Low-Risk Ecological Problems • Oil spills • Groundwater pollution • Radioactive isotopes • Acid runoff to surface waters • Thermal pollution

RISK RISK ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT How?How? How?How?

RISK BUSINESSRISK BUSINESS

U.S. (2003)

World

MORE RISKMORE RISK Culture vs. Culture vs.

biologicalbiological

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES: Assess the types and effects of chemical Assess the types and effects of chemical

and biological hazards.and biological hazards. Describe risk assessment.Describe risk assessment.