Chapter 11Chapter 11Resources and Resources and EnergyEnergy

Section 2Section 2

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

Notes 11-2Notes 11-2

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels::– Natural resources with an organic originNatural resources with an organic origin– Formed from the remains of living Formed from the remains of living

thingsthings– Coal, petroleum and natural gasCoal, petroleum and natural gas

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons::– Compounds that make up fossil fuelsCompounds that make up fossil fuels– Made of hydrogen and carbonMade of hydrogen and carbon

CoalCoal

Dark colored, organic rockDark colored, organic rock Bituminous, anthracite and lignite Bituminous, anthracite and lignite When there is limited oxygen When there is limited oxygen

content in the air, decomposition content in the air, decomposition doesn’t completely get rid of doesn’t completely get rid of plant and animal remainsplant and animal remains– Coal may form after the leftovers Coal may form after the leftovers

are covered by sediments and are covered by sediments and buriedburied

Formation of CoalFormation of Coal

CarbonizationCarbonization::– Occurs when partially decomposed Occurs when partially decomposed

plants are buried in sediments or mudplants are buried in sediments or mud– Bacteria consume some of that living Bacteria consume some of that living

materialmaterial– As the bacteria work they release gasesAs the bacteria work they release gases

Methane (CHMethane (CH44) and Carbon dioxide (CO) and Carbon dioxide (CO22)) Gases escape and leave only carbon Gases escape and leave only carbon

behindbehind

Types of CoalTypes of Coal

Peat:Peat:– Partial decomposition of plant Partial decomposition of plant

remainsremains Lignite:Lignite:

– Brown coal; denser than peatBrown coal; denser than peat Bituminous Coal:Bituminous Coal:

– Soft coal; compressed ligniteSoft coal; compressed lignite Anthracite Coal:Anthracite Coal:

– Hard coal; metamorphic rockHard coal; metamorphic rock

SitesSites

Peat:Peat:– http://http://

www.waikato.govt.nz/enviroinfo/landwww.waikato.govt.nz/enviroinfo/land/management/peat.htm/management/peat.htm

Petroleum & Natural Petroleum & Natural GasGas Mixtures of hydrocarbonsMixtures of hydrocarbons

– Petroleum (oil): liquid formPetroleum (oil): liquid form– Natural Gas: gas formNatural Gas: gas form

Coal is converted to liquid and Coal is converted to liquid and gas when enough pressure is gas when enough pressure is applied over timeapplied over time– Low oxygen supply is vitalLow oxygen supply is vital

Petroleum & Natural Petroleum & Natural GasGas Petroleum is found in permeable rockPetroleum is found in permeable rock Permeable:Permeable:

– Porous; liquid can flow easily through itPorous; liquid can flow easily through it Petroleum flows up through the Petroleum flows up through the

permeable rock until it hits an permeable rock until it hits an impermeable rockimpermeable rock– The natural pressure that forces the oil up The natural pressure that forces the oil up

through the rock also forces up through through the rock also forces up through the wellthe well

– Cap rock: impermeable rock ; liquid can Cap rock: impermeable rock ; liquid can not travel through itnot travel through it

Petroleum & Natural Petroleum & Natural GasGas Water, petroleum and natural gas Water, petroleum and natural gas

all flow togetherall flow together Once they hit the cap rock, they Once they hit the cap rock, they

form a reservoirform a reservoir– Water is at the bottomWater is at the bottom– Petroleum in the middlePetroleum in the middle– Natural gas on the topNatural gas on the top

See page 200 See page 200

Uses of Fossil FuelsUses of Fossil Fuels

Main source of energy for Main source of energy for transportation in the worldtransportation in the world

Crude oil: unrefined petroleumCrude oil: unrefined petroleum– Many products are made form thisMany products are made form this– Gasoline, heating oil, kerosene, Gasoline, heating oil, kerosene,

lubricants, asphaltlubricants, asphalt– See pie chart on p. 201See pie chart on p. 201

Uses of Fossil FuelsUses of Fossil Fuels

PetrochemicalsPetrochemicals::– Chemical derived from petroleumChemical derived from petroleum

PlasticPlastic Synthetic fabricsSynthetic fabrics MedicineMedicine TarTar InsecticidesInsecticides Detergents and shampooDetergents and shampoo

Fossil Fuel SuppliesFossil Fuel Supplies

Coal is the most abundant fossil Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the worldfuel in the world– 2/3 of the known deposits are found 2/3 of the known deposits are found

in the USA, China and Russiain the USA, China and Russia At the current rate, the coal At the current rate, the coal

deposits will last about 200 yearsdeposits will last about 200 years Most of petroleum in the USA has Most of petroleum in the USA has

been foundbeen found– The rest is most likely along the The rest is most likely along the

edges of the continentedges of the continent

Fossil Fuel SuppliesFossil Fuel Supplies

In the US, petroleum production In the US, petroleum production will soon decline.will soon decline.– 90% of oil is still untapped in other 90% of oil is still untapped in other

parts of the worldparts of the world Much natural gas is still untapped Much natural gas is still untapped

but far under the ground (4,600m)but far under the ground (4,600m) Oil shale can be used for Oil shale can be used for

petroleumpetroleum– is more expensive to mine than oilis more expensive to mine than oil

Fossil Fuels and the Fossil Fuels and the EnvironmentEnvironment Any use of fossil fuels has an affect Any use of fossil fuels has an affect

on the environmenton the environment– Strip mining destroys the landStrip mining destroys the land

Cause erosionCause erosion Acid is formed from exposed rock from Acid is formed from exposed rock from

minesmines– Can harm aquatic lifeCan harm aquatic life

– Burning them causes air pollutionBurning them causes air pollution Sulfur dioxide is produced; causes acid rainSulfur dioxide is produced; causes acid rain Burning gasoline causes air pollutionBurning gasoline causes air pollution

– Oil spills can occur and harm the Oil spills can occur and harm the environmentenvironment

HomeworkHomework

Sticky Notes and Key TermsSticky Notes and Key Terms

Due: Nov. 6Due: Nov. 6