chapter 11 intelligence. the mental rotation test which two of the other circles contain a...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 11
Intelligence
![Page 2: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocksidentical to the one in the circle at the left?
Standard Responses
1 2 3 4
![Page 3: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Assessing Intelligence
Reliability• the extent to which a test yields
consistent results• assessed by consistency of scores on:• two halves of the test• alternate forms of the test• retesting
Validity• the extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to
![Page 4: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Measuring Individual Differences
The second part of a credible test is reliability. • Reliability: A test yields the same results over
time-Test-Retest or Split-Half Reliability
Reliable, but not valid
Not reliable, not valid
Reliable and valid
![Page 5: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Content Validity• the extent to which a test samples
the behavior that is of interest • driving test that samples driving tasks
![Page 6: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Criterion Validity: The behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
Predictive Validity: The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
Child with high IQAdult with high IQ
![Page 7: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Assessing Intelligence
As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes
Greater correlationover broad rangeof body weights
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Little corre-lation withinrestricted
range
Football linemen’s
success
Body weight in pounds180 250 290
![Page 8: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What is Intelligence?Intelligence• ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
![Page 9: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
So how do we test intelligence?
![Page 10: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Design your own intelligence test
Develop as few as 3 to as many as 10 questions that accurately measure the intelligence of your classmates.
Then try it out!
![Page 11: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Test a method of
assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
![Page 12: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Stanford-Binet• the widely used
American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test-revised by
Terman at Stanford University
![Page 13: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mental Age• a measure of intelligence test performance
devised by Binet• chronological age that most typically
corresponds to a given level of performance• child who does as well as the average 8-
year-old is said to have a mental age of 8• 12-year-old who responded to the original
Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old was said to have an IQ of 75.
![Page 14: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)• defined originally the ratio of
mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 -IQ = ma/ca x 100)
• Contemporary test have created a standard sample to compare test results. The average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
![Page 15: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What is Intelligence?
Factor Analysis• Determines primary components of
intelligence• used to identify different dimensions of
performance that underline one’s total score
General Intelligence (g)• factor that Spearman and others
believed underlies specific mental abilities
• measured by every task on an intelligence test
![Page 16: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
General Intelligence (g)• Spearman believed that all
multiple intelligences could essentially be evaluated by a single kind of intelligence- the “g factor”
• Most people who had good verbal skills were also typically successful at solving the novel questions on a general intelligence test.
What is Intelligence?
![Page 17: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Social Intelligence• the know-how involved in
comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence• ability to perceive, express,
understand, and regulate emotions
![Page 18: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Creativity• the ability to produce novel and
valuable ideas-expertise-imaginative thinking skills-venturesome personality-intrinsic motivation-creative environment
![Page 19: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Look up here.
You are about to undergo a test.
You will have a figure flashed in front of your eyes for less than a second, pay close attention to it.
![Page 20: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Brain Function and Intelligence
People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests Stimulus Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?
![Page 23: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Assessing IntelligenceStandardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Changes perspectives- percentage of people diagnoses with mental retardation increased with IQ tests were restandardized.
![Page 24: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Aptitude Test• a test designed to predict a
person’s future performance• aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test• a test designed to assess what a
person has learned
![Page 25: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Wonderlic Personnel Test
Intelligence best known for it’s use on Athletes-Only non-athletic test that affects draft picks for NFL players
Try it out for yourself!
![Page 26: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)• most widely used intelligence test• subtests• verbal • performance (nonverbal)
![Page 27: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Normal Curve
![Page 28: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Judging Normal• A “normal curve” is
applied to test to determine establish “norms.” When a statistically significant sample of the population has been tested, strong conclusions can be drawn.• A normal range for IQ
scores is 70-130. Scores below 70 indicate mental retardation while scores above 130 are considered gifted.
![Page 29: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
![Page 30: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Getting Smarter?
![Page 31: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation• a condition of limited mental ability• indicated by an intelligence score below
70• produces difficulty in adapting to the
demands of life• varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome• retardation and associated physical
disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup
![Page 32: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Savant Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise
limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill-computation -drawing
![Page 33: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Components of Intelligence• Savant Syndrome: Individuals
with remarkable, but rare talent, even though they are mentally deficient in other areas.• Ex. Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man
![Page 34: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Dynamics of Intelligence
![Page 35: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Types of Tests
There are two main types of tests:Objective Tests: Tests that have one set
answer, that can be scored easily by machine• Ex. Multiple choice
Subjective Tests: Tests in which individuals are given ambiguous figures or an open ended question which requires some interpretation and analysis.• Ex. FRQs
-Inter-rater reliability
![Page 36: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Sample Subjective Test
The Rorschach Inkblot Test is one of the most widely known, and inaccurate subjective tests.
No one can agree on how to interpret the results!!
![Page 37: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Genetic InfluencesHeritability• Intelligence is partially genetic, but
not entirely.• Parents IQ is the best known
indicator of how intelligent a child’s IQ will be, but this is not entirely reliable.
![Page 44: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• Intelligent parents tend to have intelligent kids, but those kids are often times given the means to succeed.
• The heritability of intelligence is lowest among genetically similar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.
![Page 45: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
![Page 46: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Genetic Influences
![Page 47: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
So if intelligence is partially hereditary, can we take advantage of it?
EUGENICS- Movement aimed to selectively breed
intelligent people together in hopes in eventually create a smarter human race.
![Page 48: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Gifted Programs- are they good?
Good-Encourage achievement in able
minded students
Bad- Work on intellectual growth of high
achieving students while leaving the lower achieving students behind
![Page 49: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Downside of IQ Testing• Despite its utility, IQ testing had a
big downside. Tests ended up reinforcing prevailing prejudices about race and gender.
• Ignored was the fact that environmental disadvantages limit the full development of people’s intellectual abilities.
• Same problem of NCLB!!!
![Page 50: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Downside of IQ Testing
Poor nutrition can lead to lower IQ scores
Differences in cultural values can lead to differences in IQ scores
![Page 51: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Environmental Influences
The Schooling Effect
![Page 52: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Group Differences
Group differences and environmental impact
Variation within group
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil Fertile soil
Seeds
![Page 53: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Group Differences
Stereotype Threat• A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
![Page 54: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Theories of Intelligence
• Howard Gardner believed that IQ scores measured only a limited range of human mental abilities. He argued we have seven separate mental abilities he calls the multiple intelligences.
![Page 55: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
• Linguistic intelligence ("word smart"):• Logical-mathematical intelligence
("number/reasoning smart")• Spatial intelligence ("picture smart")• Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence ("body
smart")• Musical intelligence ("music smart")• Interpersonal intelligence ("people
smart")• Intrapersonal intelligence ("self smart")
Theories of Intelligence
![Page 56: Chapter 11 Intelligence. The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649db05503460f94a9e97a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)