Chapter 11Chapter 11Byzantine, Russian, and Turks Interact Byzantine, Russian, and Turks Interact

Where are we? Where are we?

Essential Questions Essential Questions

1.1. Who were Justinian and Theodora Who were Justinian and Theodora and what significant impacts did and what significant impacts did they have on the Byzantine they have on the Byzantine Empire? Empire?

2.2. Explain the division of the Christian Explain the division of the Christian Church (reasons and results). Church (reasons and results).

Section One: The Byzantine Section One: The Byzantine Empire Empire

I. A New Rome in a New SettingI. A New Rome in a New Setting

A. The Absolute Power of the EmperorsA. The Absolute Power of the Emperors– Like old Roman emperors, the Like old Roman emperors, the

Byzantine emperors ruled w/ Byzantine emperors ruled w/ absolute powerabsolute power

– Headed not just the state but church Headed not just the state but church tootoo

– Lived under constant risk of Lived under constant risk of assassination, of the 88 emperors assassination, of the 88 emperors 29 died violently and 13 abandoned 29 died violently and 13 abandoned the throne.the throne.

B. Justinian: A New Line of CaesarsB. Justinian: A New Line of Caesars– 527527 Justinian Justinian took control of took control of

Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire – deceitful, devious, false, hypocritical, deceitful, devious, false, hypocritical,

two-faced, cruel rulertwo-faced, cruel ruler– His wife, His wife, Theodora Theodora had an important had an important

role in running the Empire role in running the Empire – She met with foreign leaders, passed She met with foreign leaders, passed

laws, and built churches- very powerful laws, and built churches- very powerful – Justinian and Theodora were able to Justinian and Theodora were able to

regain control of Rome and North regain control of Rome and North Africa with the help of their general, Africa with the help of their general, Belisarius Belisarius

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire

Justinian and Theodora Justinian and Theodora

II. Building the New RomeII. Building the New Rome– Citizens thought of themselves as Citizens thought of themselves as

RomansRomans– Spoke Greek instead of Latin and Spoke Greek instead of Latin and

belonged to the Christian churchbelonged to the Christian church– To regulate society Justinian To regulate society Justinian

created laws called the created laws called the Justinian Justinian Code Code that lasted 900 years that lasted 900 years

A. Justinian’s Code: The code consisted of A. Justinian’s Code: The code consisted of four worksfour works

1. The Code1. The Code- contained nearly 5,000 - contained nearly 5,000 Roman lawsRoman laws

2. The Digest2. The Digest- summarized the - summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers. (50 volumes)thinkers. (50 volumes)

3. The Institutes3. The Institutes- was a text book that - was a text book that told law students how to use the lawtold law students how to use the law

4. The Novellae 4. The Novellae (new laws) presented (new laws) presented legislation passed after 534legislation passed after 534

B. Creating the Imperial CapitalB. Creating the Imperial Capital– Justinian launched the biggest public Justinian launched the biggest public

building program in historybuilding program in history– Constantinople was ringed by a 14 Constantinople was ringed by a 14

mile wall, thickest part 25 ft. thick and mile wall, thickest part 25 ft. thick and had towers 70 ft. high.had towers 70 ft. high.

– Churches were his greatest Churches were his greatest passion, showed close connection passion, showed close connection b/w church and stateb/w church and state

– The The Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia “ Holy Wisdom” “ Holy Wisdom” was his greatest church projectwas his greatest church project

– Convinced visiting Russian nobles Convinced visiting Russian nobles to adopt Christianityto adopt Christianity

– Also built baths, aqueducts, law Also built baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitalscourts, schools, and hospitals

Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia

C. Constantinople’s Hectic PaceC. Constantinople’s Hectic Pace– Was a very busy cityWas a very busy city– Merchants set up stalls on the Mesa Merchants set up stalls on the Mesa

or “Middle Way” or “Middle Way” – Stone roofs sheltered shoppers, as Stone roofs sheltered shoppers, as

they looked at goods from Asia, they looked at goods from Asia, Africa, Europe Africa, Europe

– offered free entertainment at the offered free entertainment at the HippodromeHippodrome, chariot races and , chariot races and circus acts, held 60,000 pplcircus acts, held 60,000 ppl

– Fans formed rowdy gangs named for Fans formed rowdy gangs named for the colors their hero’s wore.the colors their hero’s wore.

– The Blue’s and Green’s sparked a city The Blue’s and Green’s sparked a city wide riot called the wide riot called the Nika RebellionNika Rebellion, , they wanted a new emperorthey wanted a new emperor

– Justinian wanted to run away but Justinian wanted to run away but Theodora convinced him to stay and Theodora convinced him to stay and fightfight

III. Byzantium Preserves LearningIII. Byzantium Preserves Learning– Families valued educationFamilies valued education– Children went to public schools or Children went to public schools or

had tutors had tutors – Studied Latin grammar, philosophy, Studied Latin grammar, philosophy,

math, and history math, and history

IV. The Church DividesIV. The Church Divides– During the Byzantine Empire, the During the Byzantine Empire, the

Christian Church had developed Christian Church had developed differently in east and west differently in east and west

– Poor communication b/w the two Poor communication b/w the two caused disagreement and split the caused disagreement and split the Church in two:Church in two:

– Eastern OrthodoxEastern Orthodox and and Roman Roman CatholicCatholic Churches Churches

– Eastern Orthodox based heritage on Eastern Orthodox based heritage on the works of Saint Basil and Saint the works of Saint Basil and Saint John ChrysostomJohn Chrysostom- the - the patriarchpatriarch (pope) of the East(pope) of the East

– Differences b/w Eastern and Western Differences b/w Eastern and Western churches grew over churches grew over Icons- Icons- religious religious imagesimages

– around 1054 Pope and Patriarch around 1054 Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each otherexcommunicated each other

– led to official split of Christianityled to official split of Christianity

Eastern Orthodox IconsEastern Orthodox Icons

V. The Empire Confronts its Enemies V. The Empire Confronts its Enemies – A few factors contributed to the fall A few factors contributed to the fall

of the Byzantine Empireof the Byzantine Empire

1.1.Justinian’s death in 565= riots Justinian’s death in 565= riots beganbegan

2.2.religious fightsreligious fights

3.3.Plague Plague

4.4.invadersinvaders

A. The Mysterious Plague of JustinianA. The Mysterious Plague of Justinian– The first major problem the The first major problem the

Empire faced was a mysterious Empire faced was a mysterious disease similar to the bubonic disease similar to the bubonic plague that swept the empireplague that swept the empire

– 10,000 ppl were dying everyday, 10,000 ppl were dying everyday, illness had break outs for 8-12 yrs illness had break outs for 8-12 yrs until it faded out in 700until it faded out in 700

– left empire vulnerable to enemiesleft empire vulnerable to enemies

B. Attacks from the East and WestB. Attacks from the East and West– Empire constantly faces threat of Empire constantly faces threat of

invasion from all sides invasion from all sides – Empire was being heavily attacked Empire was being heavily attacked

by Avars, Slavs, and Bulgers in the by Avars, Slavs, and Bulgers in the northnorth

– Sassanid Persians attacked Sassanid Persians attacked constantly from the eastconstantly from the east

– Muslims and Russians both invaded Muslims and Russians both invaded twicetwice

– The Crusades brought knights from The Crusades brought knights from Europe who pillaged ConstantinopleEurope who pillaged Constantinople

– First lines of defense were bribes, First lines of defense were bribes, diplomacy, and political marriages.diplomacy, and political marriages.

– Military actions had little effect and Military actions had little effect and the Empire began to shrink.the Empire began to shrink.

– Constantinople held for another Constantinople held for another 100 years100 years

– Eventually it fell to the Ottoman Eventually it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453Turks in 1453

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif

Byzantine Empire’s land holdings through the years…

Section Two: Russians Adapt Section Two: Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture Byzantine Culture

I.I. Both Slavic and GreekBoth Slavic and Greek

– Slavs, ppl North of Black sea started Slavs, ppl North of Black sea started trading w/ Constantinopletrading w/ Constantinople

– started absorbing Greek/Byzantine started absorbing Greek/Byzantine ideas, Russian culture = blending of ideas, Russian culture = blending of Slavic and Greek traditionSlavic and Greek tradition

A. The Land of Russia’s A. The Land of Russia’s BirthBirth

– Russia’s 1Russia’s 1stst unified unified territory west of Ural territory west of Ural Mts, from Black Sea Mts, from Black Sea to Baltic Sea to Baltic Sea

– Early inhabitants Early inhabitants were Slavs, had no were Slavs, had no political unitypolitical unity

– Vikings also settled Vikings also settled in this regionin this region

B. Slavs and VikingsB. Slavs and Vikings– Legend states that Slavs invited a Legend states that Slavs invited a

Viking named Rurik to be their king Viking named Rurik to be their king – He founded 2 important cities- He founded 2 important cities-

Novgorod, and Kiev; from here Novgorod, and Kiev; from here Vikings could sail to ConstantinopleVikings could sail to Constantinople

– Traded timber, fur, wax, honey, Traded timber, fur, wax, honey, slavesslaves

C. Kiev Becomes OrthodoxC. Kiev Becomes Orthodox– Princess Olga first to convert to Princess Olga first to convert to

ChristianityChristianity– her grandson her grandson VladimirVladimir would take would take

the throne and convert to Byzantine the throne and convert to Byzantine Christianity after envoys returned Christianity after envoys returned from Constantinople from Constantinople

– Vladimir orders the conversion of all Vladimir orders the conversion of all the citizens of Kiev to Eastern the citizens of Kiev to Eastern OrthodoxOrthodox

– Now looked to Constantinople for Now looked to Constantinople for religious guidance, imported teachers religious guidance, imported teachers to teach new faithto teach new faith

Mongol InvasionsMongol Invasions

In the mid 1200’s Mongol invaders enter In the mid 1200’s Mongol invaders enter Russia, burning Kiev in 1240Russia, burning Kiev in 1240

Mongol rule in Russia demands obedience and Mongol rule in Russia demands obedience and monetary tributemonetary tribute

A new city, Moscow is founded and thrives in A new city, Moscow is founded and thrives in the region. the region.

Beginning in the 1320’s, a line of powerful Beginning in the 1320’s, a line of powerful princes resists Mongol rule culminating in the princes resists Mongol rule culminating in the rule of Ivan IIIrule of Ivan III

Russian forces repel the Mongols in 1480 and Russian forces repel the Mongols in 1480 and Ivan takes the title of Ivan takes the title of CzarCzar..

Section Three: Turkish Empire Section Three: Turkish Empire Rises in AnatoliaRises in Anatolia

I. The Turks March From Central AsiaI. The Turks March From Central Asia– Turks a nomadic group; herded Turks a nomadic group; herded

goats/sheep, lived in tents, used goats/sheep, lived in tents, used camelscamels

– Began converting to Islam in 10th Began converting to Islam in 10th century when they were conquered century when they were conquered by Abbasids by Abbasids

A.A. From Slaves to MastersFrom Slaves to Masters

– Turkish children taken, raised as Turkish children taken, raised as slaves, trained as soldiers/body slaves, trained as soldiers/body guards guards

– military slaves called military slaves called mamelukesmamelukes, , became powerful force in Abbasid became powerful force in Abbasid EmpireEmpire

B. The Rise of the Seljuk Turks B. The Rise of the Seljuk Turks – Abbasid Empire becoming weak, Abbasid Empire becoming weak,

Turkish Seljuks took advantage of Turkish Seljuks took advantage of weaknessweakness

– Seljuks converted to Sunni Islam, still Seljuks converted to Sunni Islam, still made war w/ other Muslimsmade war w/ other Muslims

– 1055 captured Baghdad from 1055 captured Baghdad from PersiansPersians

– marched into Byzantine Empire, w/in marched into Byzantine Empire, w/in 10 years occupied all of Anatolia 10 years occupied all of Anatolia (eastern part of Byzantine Empire)(eastern part of Byzantine Empire)

P. 318 #9-18- write P. 318 #9-18- write questionsquestions