Chapter 11: Blood

11.1 The Composition and Functions of Blood

11.2 The Blood Cells

11.3 Platelets and Hemostasis

11.4 Capillary Exchange

11.5 Blood Typing and Transfusions

11.6 Effects of Aging

11.1 The Composition and Functions of Blood Objectives: Describe, in general, the composition of

_________________________. Divide the ___________________ of blood

into three categories, and discuss each category.

Describe the composition of _____________ and the specific functions of the plasma proteins.

Composition of Blood

Plasma (55%) WBCs and blood ____________________…top

Buffy coat Thin, shiny layer in middle

Formed elements (45%) RBCs, heavier because of _______________ Percentage of blood attributed to formed

__________________ is called the hematocrit.

Function 1: Transport

Moves from _________________ to all organs. Picks up __________________ from lungs and

nutrients from digestive tract and transports these to tissues.

Picks up cellular __________________, such as carbon dioxide

Transports hormones and messenger chemicals for various organs and _______________.

Function 2: Defense

Defends against pathogens (_________________ and viruses).

Removes ______________ and dying cells Some WBCs can ‘eat’ ____________________. Blood clotting to prevent blood loss. (platelets and

plasma __________________)

Function 3: Regulation Regulate body temperature by picking up heat

from ___________________ muscles. Uses concentration gradient (________________

__________) to transfer heat to other parts of the body.

Salts and plasma proteins keep osmotic __________________ in normal range.

Buffers in the blood keep the pH relatively constant at ___________

Plasma Composition

92% is __________________. 8% remaining is salts (ions) and ______________

molecules. Small: Glucose, amino acids, ______________ Large: _________________ and plasma proteins.

Plasma Proteins Functions Made in __________________ Help ________________ the blood and maintain

pH (homeostasis) Albumins contribute to the osmotic

__________________. Antibodies made by WBCs help fight infection

(gamma globulins) Transport different molecules. Fibrinogen and prothrombin are necessary for

______________________.

11.2 The Blood Cells

Objectives: Explain the hematopoietic role of _________

_____________in the red bone marrow. Describe the structure, function, and life cycle

of ______________ blood cells and _______________ blood cells.

Production of RBCs

Hematopoiesis: Process by which formed ___________________ are made (RBCs)

Multipotent stem cells: red ________________ marrow cells that mature into all the various types of blood cells.

May be able to ________________________ the body’s tissues in the laboratory.

Red Blood Cells Structure

Small, bioconcave disks that lack a _________________ when mature

Function Transport _________________________

Life Cycle Live only about _______________ days Aka erythrocytes, formed from red bone marrow stem cells Erythropoietin: hormone that helps induce RBC production;

abused by athletes Macrophages in _______________ and spleen engulf and

‘eat’ RBCs

White Blood Cells Structure

Larger, have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, and are ___________________

Function Fight infection, destroy dead or dying body cells, and

recognize and kill ____________________ cells…all this helps maintain homeostasis

Life Cycle Produced by red bone marrow, can be found in tissue fluid

and ___________________ Many live only a few days when they fight infection Others live months or __________________

11.3 Platelets and Hemostasis

Objectives: Describe the structure, function, and life cycle

of _____________________. Describe the ______________ events of

hemostasis and the reactions necessary to coagulation.

Discuss __________________ of hemostasis.

Platelets

Structure ____________________________; fragmented from

megakaryocytes that develop in the red bone marrow Function

Necessary for hemostasis _______________________________________

Life Cycle Because they have no nucleus, they last at most

_____________ days

Hemostasis Vascular Spasm

Constriction of _________________ muscle layer in a broken blood vessel is the immediate response to injury

Platelets ______________________ seratonin that prolongs smooth muscle contraction

Platelet __________________________ Formation Platelets adhere to _____________________________ fibers that

are exposed when blood vessels break As platelets build up, a platelet plug forms

Coagulation Blood _____________________ Fibrinogen and prothrombin participate in blood clotting

Coagulation Requires protein clotting __________________; most

produced by liver Intrinsic mechanism: blood will coagulate in a

____________________________________ Extrinsic mechanism: activated when

______________ tissues release tissue thromboplastin Four steps: 1) Prothrombin activator is formed. 2)

Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin. 3) Thrombin severs two short amino acid chains from each fibrinogen molecules; they join end-to-end, forming fibrin. 4) Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide framework for clot.

Hemostasis Disorders Thrombocytopenia

__________________ platelet count autoimmune; your antibodies ________________

platelets Megakaryocytes in red bone marrow are destroyed

Hemophilia _______________________ (inherited) Deficiencies of clotting factors Hemophilia A: lack clotting factor _____________ and

is most severe

11.4 Capillary Exchange Objectives: Describe capillary _______________ within

the tissues.

Oxygen and nutrients leave a capillary. Cellular _______________ (carbon dioxide) enter the capillary.

In the lungs, it’s reversed. ______________ enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves.

11.5 Blood Typing and Transfusions

Objectives: Explain the ______________ and Rh systems of

blood typing. Explain agglutination and its relationship to

__________________________.

ABO Blood Groups + Rh Factor

Type A and B blood are _____________________.

Type O blood is recessive. Rh positive is dominant and

Rh negative is ___________________.

Transfusions Agglutination: __________________ of RBCs Happens when transfusions are not

_______________________.

11.6 Effects of Aging Objectives: Name the blood ___________________ that are

commonly seen as we age.

Anemias, leukemias, and clotting disorders. _______________ deficiency anemia and pernicious

anemia (B12 deficient). Leukemia is ________________ that is genetic and

environmental. Thromboembolism occurs because arteries contain

________________________.