chapter 11 beyond mendel conditions that mendel didn't explore - genetic traits that are...
DESCRIPTION
Incomplete Dominance Traits appear to "blend" in offspring RR x WW RW (pink) Show: Pink x Red Pink x Pink White x WhiteTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11Beyond Mendel
Conditions that Mendel didn't explore - genetic traits that are inherited in new and interesting patterns
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Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Allele Traits Epistatic AllelesSex DeterminationPolygenic Inheritance
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Incomplete Dominance
Traits appear to "blend" in offspringRR x WW
RW (pink)
Show:
Pink x Red
Pink x Pink
White x White
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Figure 11.14
This illustrates another style of "letters" to denote genotypes
R1 and R2
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Codominance
Both alleles in a heterozygous individual are expressed
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Sickle Cell Trait in Humans
Genotypes & Phenotypes
SS= not sickle cellSs= a little sickle cellss= a lot sickle cell
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Coloration in Rodents
Black x White = Gray
BB x WW = BW
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ROAN COW - What happens when you cross a white and a red cow?
Roan is codominant - both alleles R and W are expressed
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What happens when two Roan Cows are Crossed?
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Blood Types - Multiple Alleles
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When doing blood type crosses, you will need to know whether at type A or B person is heterozygous or homozygous. Type O's are automatically OO and type AB is automatically AB. Crosses are performed the same as any other.
Show Crosses:
A B x A O A O x B O A A x A B
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A woman who is type A is married to a man who is type B, what are ALL of the possible blood types of their children?
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Many Genes Have Multiple Alleles•A population might have more than two alleles for a given gene.• In Labrador retriever, coat color is determined by one gene with four
different alleles. Five different colors result from the combinations of these alleles. (More on labradors later)
Eye color is also controlled by multiple alleles
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LABRADOR RETRIEVERS AND EPISTATIC ALLELES
•A population might have more than two alleles for a given gene.• In labrador retriever, coat color is determined by one gene with four
different alleles. Five different colors result from the combinations of these alleles.
•Even if more than two alleles exist in a population, any given individual can have no more than two of them: one from the mother and one from the father.
Black is dominant to chocolate B or bYellow is recessive epistatic (when present, it blocks the expression of the black and chocolate alleles) E or e
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Black Lab
BBEE BbEE BBEe BbEe
Chocolate Lab
bbEEbbEe
Yellow Lab BBeeBbeebbee
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1. A black lab (BBEe) x yellow lab (bbee)
2. A chocolate lab (bbEe) x black lab (BbEe)
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3. Two black labs (BBEE x BbEe)
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Sex Linked Genes
Genes located on the X chromosome are inherited with that X. When doing crosses you must include the sex chromosomes in your cross. Use superscript letters for the allele. Example: In fruit flies, eye color is a sex linked trait. Red is dominant to white.
Females Males
X R X R X R Y
X R X r X r Y X r X r
FRUIT FLY CHROMOSOMESDrosophila melanogaster
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Show the cross between a white eyed male and a red eyed female: XrY x XRXR
Show the cross between a red eyed male and a white eyed female:
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Figure 12.2
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Human Sex Linked Disorders1.Colorblindness2.Muscular Dystrophy3.Hemophilia4.Fragile X Syndrome
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COLORBLINDNESS
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More Tests
Color Blindness Simulation http://www.idea.org/vision-demo.html?gclid=CJejqJ38_JgCFQ4eDQodUzNEmQ
Testshttp://www.toledo-bend.com/colorblind/Ishihara.asp
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Polygenic Traits
• Individual heritable characters are often found to be controlled by groups of several genes, called polygenes.
•Each allele intensifies or diminishes the phenotype.•Variation is continuous or quantitative (adding up) - also called quantitative inheritance
•Seed Color in wheat - aabbcc, Aabbcc, AaBbcc, AaBbCc, AABbCc, AABBCC (light, intermediate colors, dark)
• In humans - hair color, height, skin color
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Pg 197
Polygenic InheritanceAABBCC x aabbcc (P)
AaBbCc x AaBbCc (F1)
Seven Possible Phenotypes in the F2
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Figure 11.16
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Figure 11.17
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Environment and PhenotypeTemperature, water, food sources can have an affect on how a gene is expressed
Rabbits have a gene that codes for darker pigments - this gene is more active at low temperatures. Parts of the body that are colder will develop the darker pigmentation - ears and
feet
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Figure 11.18b