Chapter 1 – The Spice Islands

Vocabulary• Archipelago – a chain of islands

• Rain shadow – an area that gets less rain because it is on the protected side of a mountain

• Monopoly – complete control of selling a product or service

• **Spices led to the Age of Exploration, and the Age of Exploration led to the European discovery of the Americas.

The Spice IslandsMalay Archipelago• Stretches from Malay Peninsula

(Indonesia) to Australia

• 13,000 islands

• Pepper, nutmeg, cloves

• Part of Ring of Fire, earthquake activity, lies near equator

• Heat, heavy rainfall, and rich soil = exceptional spice crops

An Arab Secret• Monopoly – on the Spice Islands from

1100 – 1400• Europeans didn’t know how to get to

the islands and they didn’t know what they would find there

• Arabs had a deal with the Venetians and they both became very wealthy from the sales of the spices

The Travels of Marco Polo• 1st journey east took 24 years with

father and uncle

The Travels of Marco Polo

• 1st European to write about Asian land

• Inspired mapmakers to put new places on the maps

• 200 years later it inspired Christopher Columbus

Chapter 2 – Motives and Means• Vocabulary• Infidel – someone who does not

believe in what is considered the true religion

• Navigation – traveling by ship from one place to another

• Scurvy (ch. 3) – a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C

The Value of Spices• Spices gave Europeans motive to explore

• Spices were valuable

• Food was bland – needed spices

• European leaders looking for explorers to find a sea route to Asia

Christianity and Curiosity• Europeans motivated because duty

to spread Christianity

• In the Middle Ages, crusades to Middle East to capture Holy Land from Muslims

• Muslims considered infidels

New Ships• 1400s Europeans built different ships

with sails and hulls

• Portuguese built new and better ships called caravels

Finding Their Way• First sailed along coastline and used

landmarks

• Out of sight of land, used sun and stars

• North Star used with astrolabe or sextant to find latitude

• Speed measured by log attached to rope– # of knots let out during amount of time

• Still measured in knots today

• Compass thought “magic” kept in binnacle

• Measure time with sand hourglass

• Clouds, birds, waves, and anything floating in water

Chapter 4Christopher Columbus

Vocabulary• League – an old measurement of

distance = approximately 3 miles

• Mutiny – a rebellion against a leader such as a ship’s captain

• Royal standard – a monarch’s flag

Sailing West• Columbus – Italian admiral in charge of

ships

• Believed there was a better way to get to Indies – sail west, not around Africa

• 1492 Spanish king paid for exploration

• October 12, 1492 found land

First Encounter• Columbus thought he was in Asia but

was in the Bahamas, east of Florida

• Named the island San Salvador (Holy Savior)

• Called the native people Indians

• Natives were the Taino tribe and Columbus took some of them back with him

• Kept sailing, landing on Cuba then back to Spain

Triumphant Return• Columbus rewarded for land claimed

and given the title Admiral of the Ocean Sea

• Portuguese skeptical, wanted the land for themselves

Treaty of Tordesillas• Dispute between Portugal and Spain

• Treaty signed in 1494– Imaginary line from North to South Poles

– land west was Spain’s, land east was Portugal’s

• Couldn’t occupy territory ruled by Christians

• good deal for Spain – North/South Americas

• Bad deal for Portugal - Brazil

Later Voyages of Columbus• 3 more voyages to Americas

– 1. mapped Caribbean islands

– 2. established permanent colony; Santo Domingo on Hispaniola

– 3. lost position as governor of colony and sent back to Spain because treatment of settlers and natives

• Shipwrecked last voyage on Jamaica

• Died 1506, bones buried in Hispaniola in 1542

Final Blow• Continents not named for Columbus

but for Amerigo Vespucci in 1501 who explored coast of South America

• The new continent “America”

Chapter 5A Spanish Empire and Its

Critics

After Columbus• Indians died in gold mines and from

diseases• Cattle ranches and sugar plantations

introduced• Not enough workers so slaves were

imported

The Conquistador• 1495 – 1535 Spanish conquistadores

conquered much of South and Central America

• Vasco Nunez de Balboa – explored Panama with Pizzaro

• Discovered land route to Pacific Ocean which he called the South Sea

Encomiendas• Land and labor arrangements• Settlers given large piece of land and

slaves (Indians)• Meant to help establish new

communities, convert natives to Christianity, build a strong economy, and make a profit for the Spanish crown

• Results – made Spain wealthy, but did not build a strong community and led to enslavement of Indians

Bartolome de Las Casas• Came to New World in 1502 and

settled in Hispaniola• Became priest and preached against

slavery• Convinced King to change laws for

better treatment of slaves• First European to condemn

mistreatment of Indians

Chapter 7England Explores and

Colonizes

Vocabulary• Strait (ch. 6) – a narrow waterway

connecting two bodies of water• Circumnavigate – to travel

completely around something• Joint-stock company – a company

that raises money be selling shares, or interest in the company, in the form of stock

John Cabot• Changed his name to John Cabot

when he moved from Spain to England

• English monarchy supported his exploration

• 1497 discovered Newfoundland – thought it was Asia

• Set sail for second voyage and never returned

Northwest Passage• Cabot was first explorer to seek

Northwest Passage to the Indies• Northern explorers had nothing to

bring back• Positive results – maps of east coast

of North America

Sir Francis Drake• Pirate who became a sea captain• Wanted revenge against Spaniards

for attacking his ship – raided Spanish ports

• 1577 journey around world – led him to area called Tierra del Fuego (Land of Fire)

• Resulted in other sailors exploring the sea around the tip of South America

• Sailed through San Francisco Bay, claimed California for Queen

• Explored Spice Islands and brought back treasures for Queen

• Queen Elizabeth rewarded Drake with a knighthood

The Spanish Armada• Spain wanted treasure back and

Drake hanged• Queen refused, Spain declared war• England won using battle tactics• England became strongest Naval

power during the 1600s and 1700s

Building Colonies• Purpose of Spanish colonies was to

find gold and silver to bring back to Spain

• England’s purpose was to establish permanent colonies

• Kings/Queens did not want to spend money

• Instead gave land grants called joint-stock companies to build colonies

• 1585 first colony Sir Walter Raleigh on Roanoke Island (North Carolina)

• Left Roanoke with Drake – hard work; not enough women

• 1587 second group – disappeared 1590; “Lost Colony”

• Jamestown, Virginia first permanent English colony in North America

• Tobacco – cash crop that made colony successful

Pursuing Spice Trade• 1620 Plymouth colonists looking for

religious freedom• 1630 Boston settled• England – East India Company

colonized cities in India

Chapter 10Slavery

Vocabulary• Hold – the interior of a ship below the

decks

• Indentured servant – a person who owes an employer a certain amount of work for a certain amount of time

A Long Tradition• Slavery in existence for centuries

• African cultures practiced slavery

• African slave trade 1415 – transported back to Europe and islands in the Atlantic

• Spanish and Portuguese needed labor for sugar plantations

Slavery in the Americas• Spanish used Indians to mine gold

and silver in Mexico and Peru

• West Indies needed slaves to work plantations

• Sugar growers created the slave trade as a business

Slave Trade• Portuguese 1st Europeans in Atlantic

slave trade – explored African coast and opened up new sources for slaves

• Dutch took over slave trade

• 1619 1st arrival of Africans in English North American colonies

• Elmina (Ghana) – center of Dutch slave trade

• Slave trade triangle– 1. goods from Europe to Africa– 2. transported slaves from Africa to

Caribbean and then to English colonies in North America

– 3. return trip to Europe with goods

Middle Passage• Stages:

– 1. captured during wars– 2. taken to Elmina – packed into ships to

go across Atlantic – Middle Passage– 3. sold at slave market in Americas and

transported to plantations

• Illness and death common because of terrible conditions

• Atlantic slave trade lasted 300 years

• Middle Passage: terrible dehumanizing experience– Chained on platforms– Each person had space 6 ft. by 16 in. wide– They couldn’t even turn over– Bathroom?– Temperatures would get over 100 degrees– Fed little rice and water 2x day– trip took 2-4 months– 15% of slaves didn’t survive trip– Slave treated like cargo, not people

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Growth of Slavery in Colonies• Northern colonies no real need for slaves –

no cash crops• Southern colonies had tobacco crops –

needed labor• Plantation owners paid British for

indentured servants• Purchasing slaves became more profitable

and efficient• New cash crops – rice and cotton relied on

labor

Plantation Life• Families separated• No freedom• Whites didn’t want slaves to become

educated because they would want freedom

• Slavery abolished after American Revolution in North

• In South, lasted until end of Civil War